Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands

Answer 1

autonomic nervous system

Question 2

maintains homeostasis (depends on the continual flow of sensory afferent input, from receptors in organs, and efferent motor output to effector organs)

Answer 2

autonomic nervous system

Question 3

structures of the ANS

Answer 3

autonomic sensory neurons, integrating centers in the CNS and autonomic motor neurons

Question 4

operates w/o conscious control

Answer 4

ANS

Question 5

what parts of the brain control the ANS

Answer 5

mainly the hypothalamus and the medulla oblangata

Question 6

sensory input for somatic nervous system

Answer 6

from somatic senses and special senses

Question 7

sensory input for ANS

Answer 7

mainly from interoceptors; some from somatic senses and special sense

Question 8

control of motor output for somatic nervous system

Answer 8

VOLUNTARY control from cerebral cortex, with contributions form basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord

Question 9

control of motor output for ANS

Answer 9

INVOLUNTARY control from hypothalamus, limbic system, brain stem and spinal cord; limited control from cerebral cortex

Question 10

motor neuron pathway for somatic nervous system

Answer 10

one-neuron pathway; somatic motor neurons extending from CNS synapse directly with effector

Question 11

motor neuron pathway for ANS

Answer 11

usually two-neuron pathway; preganglionic neurons extending from CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglion, and postganglionic neurons extending from ganglion synapse with visceral effector. Alternatively, preganglionic neurons may extend from CNS to synapse with chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae

Question 12

neurotransmitters and hormones of the somatic nervous system

Answer 12

all somatic motor neurons release only acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 13

neurotransmitters and hormones of the ANS

Answer 13

all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release ACh. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release NE; those to most sweat glands release ACh. All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ACh. Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)

Question 14

effectors of the somatic nervous system

Answer 14

skeletal muscle

Question 15

effectors of the ANS

Answer 15

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 16

responses of the somatic nervous system

Answer 16

contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 17

responses of the ANS

Answer 17

contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle; increased or decreased rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle; increased or decreased secretions of glands

Question 18

ANS motor pathways

Answer 18

1) the axon of the first neuron of the ANS extends from the CNS & synapses in a ganglion with the second neuron
2) the second neuron synapses on an effector. Preganglionic fibers release ACh and postganglionic fibers release ACh or NE
3) the efferent part of the ANS is divided into 2 principal parts: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. Organs that receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are said to have dual innervation

Question 19

where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons found; what division is this called

Answer 19

lateral gray horns of the 12 thoracic and first 2 or 3 lumbar segments; thoracolumbar division

Question 20

what are the axons of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons known as

Answer 20

thoracolumbar outflow

Question 21

where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons found

Answer 21

in cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, and X), brain stem, lateral gray horns of the 2nd-4th sacral segments of the cord

Question 22

parasympathetic division is aka

Answer 22

craniosacral division

Question 23

types of sympathetic ganglia

Answer 23

sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglia

Question 24

where is the vertebral trunk located

Answer 24

vertical row on either side of the vertebral column

Question 25

where is the prevertebral ganglia located

Answer 25

anterior to spinal column and close to large abdominal arteries

Question 26

what abdominal arteries are considered prevertebral ganglia

Answer 26

celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia

Question 27

where does the sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons

Answer 27

ganglia of the sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia

Question 28

type of parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 28

terminal or intramural ganglia

Question 29

where are terminal ganglia located

Answer 29

close to or within the wall of a visceral organ

Question 30

name some terminal ganglia

Answer 30

ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia

Question 31

what synapses with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia

Answer 31

neurons

Question 32

major autonomic plexuses

Answer 32

cardiac, pulmonary, celiac and hypogastric

Question 33

sympathetic responses are stimulated by 4 E's

Answer 33

Emergency, embarassment, exercise, and excitement

Question 34

effects of sympathetic stimulation are

Answer 34

longer-lasting and more widespread

Question 35

specific sympathetic responses

Answer 35

dilation of pupils, increased HR and BP, blood flow to kidneys and GI tract diminishes, blood flow to skeletal muscles, liver, heart, and adipose tissue increases

Question 36

flight or flight system

Answer 36

sympathetic

Question 37

rest or relax system

Answer 37

parasympathetic

Question 38

effects of parasympathetic stimulation last for

Answer 38

short time and less widespread

Question 39

parasympathetic responses

Answer 39

salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defacation, decreased HR, decreased airway diamteter, and decreased pupil diameter

Question 40

which neural path consists of two motor neurons

Answer 40

autonomic

Question 41

sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in

Answer 41

sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglia

Question 42

postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of the

Answer 42

gray rami

Question 43

80% of the total craniosacral outflow is carried by

Answer 43

vagus nerve (x)

Question 44

parasympathetic fibers associated with cranial nerve VII synapse in which terminal ganglia before continuing to their visceral effectors

Answer 44

submandibular and pterygopalatine

Question 45

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in

Answer 45

terminal ganglia

Question 46

what is true concerning the sympathetic division of the ANS

Answer 46

most presynaptic fibers are very short

Question 47

all postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the ___ ganglion go to structures in the head

Answer 47

superior cervical

Question 48

nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate in the

Answer 48

thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord

Question 49

which autonomic ganglion is associated with the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 49

superior mesenteric

Question 50

the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the

Answer 50

spinal cord

Question 51

pelvic splanchnic nerves are examples of

Answer 51

parasympathetic nerves

Question 52

preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with CN

Answer 52

III

Question 53

the white rami contain

Answer 53

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 54

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ____; parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are ____

Answer 54

long; short

Question 55

what is a drug classified as a non-specific beta blocker that reduces HR and force of contraction

Answer 55

propranolol

Question 56

adrenergic neurons release

Answer 56

NE

Question 57

what is true of adrenergic fibers

Answer 57

they are stimulated during the flight-or-flight response

Question 58

the adrenergic receptors for NE and epinephrine are

Answer 58

alpha and beta

Question 59

what is the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity called

Answer 59

autonomic tone

Question 60

what part of the NS is the main control and integrative center of the ANS

Answer 60

hypothalamus

Question 61

what part of the autonomic reflex pathway differs from the somatic reflex pathway

Answer 61

motor pathway