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SOLUBILITY Flashcards

1
Q

concentration of a substance (solute) that dissolves in a given volume of solution (solvent) at a certain temperature to form a homogenous solution

A

SOLUBILITY

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2
Q

describes the solubility at a specific pH

A

buffer solubility

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3
Q

buffer solubility is also known as

A

apparent solubility

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4
Q

refers to the solubility of an ionizable compound in its neutral form

A

intrinsic solubility

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5
Q

the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature

A

QUANTITATIVE SOLUBILITY

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6
Q

the spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a homogenous molecular dispersion

A

QUALITATIVE SOLUBILITY

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7
Q

solute in solution is in equilibrium with the solid phase

A

SATURATED

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8
Q
  • solute concentration < saturation point
  • the dissolved solute in a concentration is below the necessary for complete saturation
A

UNSATURATED

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9
Q
  • solute concentration > saturation point
  • contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain
  • undissolved solute is present
A

SUPERSATURATED

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10
Q

the USP classified solubility into how many groups

A

7

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11
Q

Refer to standard reference works such as official compendia (e.g., USP, European pharmacopoeia) and the Merck Index for solubilities of specific substances.

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

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12
Q

Solubility of drugs as parts of solvents required for one part of solute

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

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13
Q

The greater the ____ between the solute and the solvent (similar physical-chemical properties), the greater the solubility

A

SIMILARITY

like dissolves like

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14
Q

Polar groups (-OH, -SH, -COOH) relationship w water solubility

A

increase

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14
Q

Non-polar groups (-CH3) relationship w water solubility

A

decrease

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15
Q

Ability to form H-bonds is

A

more significant

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16
Q

Polar solvent dissolve ____ or ____ solutes

A

ionic or polar

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17
Q

dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and amines

A

water

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18
Q

Solubility of drug is due in large measure to ____

A

polarity of the solvent

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19
Q

solubility also depends on ____ features

A

structural

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20
Q

SOLUBILITY

longer chains

A

less soluble

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21
Q

SOLUBILITY

straight chain

A

slightly soluble

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22
Q

increases water solubility

A

branching

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23
Q

separation of the ends of a dipole and the magnitude of the charges

A

dipole moment

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24
Q

a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field

A

dielectric constant

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25
Q

ability to store electrical charge

A

dielectric constant

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26
Q

decreasing polarity (less polar), decreasing water solubility (less water-soluble)

A

lower dielectric constant

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27
Q

solvents that are unable to reduce the attraction between ions of strong & weak electrolytes because of the solvents’ low dielectric constants

A

Nonpolar solvents

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28
Q
  • can induce a certain polarity in nonpolar solvents
  • e.g. ketones & alcohols
  • can act as intermediate solvents
A

semipolar solvents

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29
Q

MISCIBILITY

benzene + alcohol

A

miscible

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30
Q

MISCIBILITY

polar + nonpolar liquids

A

miscible

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30
Q

MISCIBILITY

PEG + water + peppermint oil

A

miscible

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31
Q

REMEMBER

decreasing dielectric constant
decreasing polarity
decreasing solubility

A

TYSM

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32
Q

what is the solubility of a higher dielectric constant

A

more soluble

33
Q

dissolves phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines and other O and N containing compounds

A

hydrogen bonds

34
Q

The solute molecules are kept in solution by the weak

A

van der waals-london

35
Q
  • neither accept nor donate protons
  • so cannot break covalent bonds and ionize
  • weak electrolytes
A

aprotic solvents

36
Q

increases the solubility of ether in water

37
Q

increases miscibility of the water-castor oil mixture

38
Q

increases miscibility of water and peppermint oil; water and benzyl benzoate

39
Q

SOLUBILITY

for substances that exhibit endothermic reaction

A

INCREASE solubility

40
Q

SOLUBILITY

for substances that exhibit exothermic reaction

A

DECREASE solubility

41
Q

most important drugs are

A

weak acids or bases

42
Q

SOLUBILITY

acid + acid

A

decreased solubility, precipitates

43
Q

SOLUBILITY

basic + basic

A

decreased solubility, precipitates

44
Q

SOLUBILITY

acid + base

A

ionized, soluble

45
Q

As a particle becomes smaller, the ____ increases.

A

surface area

46
Q

allows greater interaction with the solvent which causes an increase in solubility

A

larger surface area

47
Q

When solvation releases more energy than that required to separate particles, the overall process is

A

exothermic

48
Q

SOLUBILITY

gases

A

increased temperature, decreased solubility

49
Q

Solubility in water is increased by increasing the capacity of the solute for H bonding with ____

A

POLAR GROUPS

50
Q

Solubility in water is decreased with an increase in the number of ____ atoms in the solute

51
Q

polymers with a ____ molecular weight are insoluble

52
Q

For many organic molecules, a high melting point means

A

LOW WATER SOLUBILITY

53
Q

what isomer is more soluble

cis or trans

54
Q

isomer that has a lower melting point

cis or trans

55
Q

Increasing ____ increases solubility in polar solvents

A

UNSATURATION

56
Q

more soluble than are those that are crystalline (hydrates)

A

ANHYDROUS SOLUTES

57
Q

Breaking up the particles of the solute requires

58
Q

forming new attractive forces between the solute and the solvent ____ energy

59
Q

heat is absorbed

A

endothermic

60
Q

heat is released

A

exothermic

61
Q

the separation of particles requires more energy than is released during solvation

A

endothermic

62
Q

When solvation releases more energy than that required to separate particles, the overall process is

A

exothermic

63
Q

ano ginagawa sa weak acids & bases drugs para maging soluble in water

A

formulated into salts

64
Q

SOLUBILITY

acid + base

A

ionized, hydrophilic, water soluble

65
Q

a + a

A

lipophilic, water insoluble

66
Q

b + b

A

lipophilic, water insoluble

67
Q
  • When a solution of a weak electrolyte is altered by adding one of its ions (common ion) from another source, the ionization of the weak electrolyte is suppressed.
  • An application of Le Chatelier’s Principle
A

COMMON ION EFFECT

68
Q

A system at equilibrium will readjust to reduce the effect of external stress

A

LA CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

69
Q

if a common ion is added, what happens to the solubility

70
Q

SOLUBILITY

carboxylic acids

A

insoluble in water

71
Q

SOLUBILITY

fatty acids

A

insoluble in water, soluble in solvents w/ low dielectric constant

72
Q

SOLUBILITY

hydroxy acids

tartaric & citric

A

quite soluble in water

73
Q

SOLUBILITY

potassium & ammonium bitartrates

A

very soluble in water

74
Q

used sometimes to dissolve water-insoluble acetylsalicylic aid

A

sodium citrate

75
Q

react with dilute alkalies to form water-soluble salts, but they can be precipitated as the free acids if stronger acidic substances are added to the solution

A

aromatic acids

76
Q

quite soluble in water because they are solvated through their hydroxyl group

A

hydoxy acids

tartaric & citric

77
Q
  • form soluble soaps with the alkali metals
  • form insoluble soaps with other metal ions
  • soluble in solvents having low dielectric constants
A

fatty acids

78
Q

SOLUBILITY

Phenol

A

slightly soluble

79
Q
  • weakly acidic
  • slightly soluble in water
  • quite soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide
80
Q

SOLUBILITY

organic compounds containing a basic nitrogen atom

A

not very soluble in water

81
Q
  • not very soluble in water
  • soluble in dilute solutions of acids
A

organic compounds with N

PHYPHARM (28 decks)

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