MOD 2 Flashcards
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Molecules PACKED close together closely, vibrating in FIXED POSITION
SOLID
Molecules are close but RANDOMLY ARRANGED
Flows and ASSUMES SHAPE of container
LIQUID
Molecules are FAR APART
Fills any container completely
GAS
In order for molecules to exist in aggregates in gases, liquids, and solids, __________ must exist
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
responsible for the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid, and gas
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Solid → liquid → gas
BREAKING OF BONDS
Gas → liquid → solid
FORMATION OF BONDS
factors that would make bonds either broken or established
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE
Transition of a substance directly from SOLID state TO a GAS state
SUBLIMATION
A process in which a GAS does DIRECTLY to a SOLID, BYPASSING THE LIQUID PHASE
DEPOSITION
for VASODILATION, volatile, formulated in closed glass tube
AMYL NITRITE (liquid state)
Described as molecules that have HIGHER KINETIC ENERGY (energy in movement) that produces RAPID MOTION
GASEOUS STATE
ENERGY IN MOTION
KINETIC ENERGY
A FORCE per unit area (dynes/cm2) as they COLLIDE to ONE ANOTHER and to WALLS OF THE CONTAINER to which they are confined.
PRESSURE (gas)
Normal atmospheric level within sea level
1 atm or 760 mmHg
PROPERTIES OF GAS
pressure
volume
temperature
- perfectly ELASTIC collision
- NO intermolecular forces of attraction
IDEAL GAS LAW
PRESSURE and VOLUME of gases are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
- the lower the volume, the higher the pressure
BOYLE’S LAW
BOYLE’S LAW
pressure & volume are inversely proportional at constant temperature
states that the PRESSURE (p) of a given quantity of gas varies INVERSELY with its VOLUME (v) at CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
ROBERT BOYLE
Volume - Temperature relationship at constant Pressure
- the higher the volume, the higher the temperature
CHARLES’ LAW
CHARLES’ LAW
volume & temperature are directly proportional
what is constant in boyle’s law
TEMPERATURE
what is constant in charles’ law
PRESSURE
what is constant in gay lussac’s law
VOLUME
Pressure - Temperature relationship at constant Volume
- the higher the pressure, the higher the temperature
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
States that the PRESSURE of a given amount of gas held at CONSTANT VOLUME is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the Kelvin TEMPERATURE.
GAY-LUSSAC
States that the VOLUME of an ideal gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the absolute TEMPERATURE at CONSTANT PRESSURE.
CHARLES
IDEAL GAS LAW equation
PV = nRT
unit for volume
L
unit for Temperature
K
unit for Pressure
atm
unit for n
mol
formula if molwt hinahanap
PV = nRT/molwt
molwt = nRT/PV
Describes how gases consist of tiny particles in constant motion, with their behavior influenced by factors like temperature and pressure.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
The theory that was developed to EXPLAIN THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES and to lend additional support to the VALIDITY OF THE GAS LAWS.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
The volume of gas is (kinetic mol theo)
NEGLIGIBLE
Who showed that a LIGHTER GAS DIFFUSES MORE RAPIDLY through a porous membrane than does a heavier one
GRAHAM’S LAW
NOT composed of infinitely small and perfectly elastic non-attracting spheres
REAL GASES
▪ Have finite volume
▪ Tend to attract one another
* There is an intermolecular binding force.
REAL GASES
formula for REAL GAS
[P + an2/v2] (V - nb) = nRT
ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE GAS PARTICLES, brought about by intermolecular binding forces that may exist
INTERNAL PRESSURE [an2/v2)
VOLUME OCCUPIED BY THE GAS PARTICLES; volume lost when molecules are held closely together
EXCLUDED VOLUME (nb)
incompressability of molecules
nb - excluded volume
The TEMPERATURE to LIQUEFY THE GAS and establish intermolecular binding forces is
LOW ↓
The PRESSURE to LIQUEFY THE GAS and establish intermolecular binding forces is
HIGH ↑
↓ temperature
↑ pressure
LIQUEFACTION OF GASES
GAS → LIQUID
- Possess LESS kinetic energy than gases
- Occupy a DEFINITE VOLUME denser than gas
- Take the shape of the container
- INCOMPRESSIBLE
LIQUID STATE
Gas molecules LOSE their kinetic energy in the form of
HEAT
- Temperature above which LIQUID NO LONGER EXISTS
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
- Pressure required to liquefy a gas at Tcrit
CRITICAL PRESSURE
critical temperature of water
374 °C
critical pressure of water
218atm
volume is approx 0
NEGLIGIBLE VOLUME
the particles of GAS DO NOT ATTARCT ONE ANOTHER at ___ pressures
LOW PRESSURES
one of the most obvious ways to liquefy a gas is to subject it to
INTENSE COLD using FREEZING MIXTURES
a rapid EXPANSION of ideal gas to which no heat could enter the system (gas)
ADIABATIC EXPANSION
Adiabatic expansion can be carried out by using ______ which effectively INSULATES the contents of the flask from the external environment
DEWAR or VACUUM FLASK
A ____ is observed when a HIGHLY COMPRESSED NONIDEAL GAS EXPANDS into a region of low pressure
COOLING EFFECT
the COOLING EFFECT that is observed when a HIGHLY COMPRESSED NONIDEAL GAS EXPANDS into a region of low pressure and differs from the cooling produced in adiabatic expansion
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
to bring about liquefaction by the Joule-Thomson effect, it may be necessary to __________ before allowing it to expand
PRECOOL THE GAS
a material that is LIQUID under the pressure conditions existing inside the container but that forms a GAS under normal atmospheric conditions
PROPELLANT
traditionally been utilized as propellants but is now BANNED
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS & HYDROFLUOROCARBONS
Inside the aerosol
REAL GAS
outside the aerosol
IDEAL GAS
Subjecting the propellant into an EXTREME COLD TEMPERATURE and EXTREME HIGH PRESSURE
ADIABATIC EXPANSION
expanding the volume of gas using ideal gas
ADIABATIC EXPANSION
COMPRESSED real gas into an area with LOW PRESSURE
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
REMOVING ENERGY FROM THE SYSTEM will provide extreme cold temperature, wherein movement of gaseous molecule will become extremely slow and compress high pressure until intermolecular will exist and gas will be converted to liquid state
JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT
when the rate of condensation EQUALS the rate of vaporization at a definite temperature, the vapor becomes ________ and a dynamic _______ is established
SATURATED, EQUILIBRIUM
the PRESSURE OF SATURATED VAPOR above the liquid
EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR PRESSURE
Absorb heat energy → translated to kinetic energy → gas molecules move and oscillate → bonds are broken → molecules evaporate and converted to gaseous state (water vapor)
OPEN SYSTEM
high pressure (compressed system) → molecules of water vapor are held closed → vapor pressure returns to liquid state
CLOSED SYSTEM
equal evaporation and condensation
EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR PRESSURE
