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PHYPHARM > COLLOIDAL DISPERSION > Flashcards

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION Flashcards

1
Q

Mixtures of two or more substances

A

DISPERSION

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2
Q

internal or discontinuous phase

A

DISPERSED PHASE

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3
Q

external or continuous phase

A

DISPERSION MEDIUM

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4
Q

common dispersion medium

A

WATER

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5
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

particle size of colloids

A

1 - 500 nm

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6
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

May be detected under ____

A

ultramicroscope

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7
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

visible in an ____

A

electron microscope

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8
Q
  • Particle size is **1 nm to 500 nm (0.5 mm) **
  • May be detected under ultramicroscope and visible in an electron microscope
  • Pass-through filter paper but do not pass through a semipermeable membrane
  • Diffuse very slowly
  • Examples: Jelly, Polymers, Milk, Paint, Cheese
A

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

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9
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

Pass-through ____

A

filter paper

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10
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

do not pass through a ____

A

semipermeable membrane

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11
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

diffuse ____

A

very slowly

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12
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

source of radiation of the ultramicroscope

A

LIGHT

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13
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

  • source of the radiation of the electron microscope
  • provides high resolution power
A

ELECTRONS

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14
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

possess ____ surface area

A

enormous

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15
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

possess ____ surface

A

specific

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16
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

surface area per unit weight or volume

A

specific surface

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17
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

The smaller the particle size, the ____ the surface area

A

greater

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18
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

  • effective catalyst
  • directly proportional to the surface area
A

platinum black

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19
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

when they increase in size, they turn from red to blue

A

gold solution

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20
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

when they decrease in size, they trun from red to yellow

A

Sb and As trisulfides

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21
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

  • A separation method, using a semi-permeable membrane
  • the pore size of which will prevent the passage of colloidal particles
  • permit small molecules and ions, such as urea, glucose, and NaCl to pass through
A

DIALYSIS

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22
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

uses a semipermeable membrane of collodion or cellophane

A

DIALYSIS

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23
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

start of dialysis: colloids & subcolloids in ____ compartment

A

1

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24
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

upon the dialysis: ____ pass through the membrane

A

semicolloids

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25
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

at the end of the dialysis: ____ remain in the compartment

A

colloids

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26
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

for kidney failure, principle behind kidney failure to remove impurities from the blood

A

dialysis

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27
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

TYPE OF DIALYSIS:
uses dialyzer

A

hemodialysis

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28
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

TYPE OF DIALYSIS:
do not use external devices; uses peritonium

A

peritoneal dialysis

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29
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

A separation and purification process of colloidal material that allows filtration under negative pressure (suction) through a dialysis membrane supported in a Buchner funnel.

A

ultrafiltration

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30
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

funnel used in ultrafiltration

A

Buchner funnel

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31
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

filtration conducted under negative pressure (suction)

A

ultrafiltration

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32
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | METHODS OF SEPARATION

hasted by use of electric potential across the membrane

A

electrodialysis

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33
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  • Systems with colloidal particles that interact well with the dispersion medium forming colloidal dispersions or solutions
  • has higher affinity to dispersion medium
A

LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS

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34
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

Lyophilic colloids are also called as

A

solvent loving colloids
SOL

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35
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC

the attachment between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium

A

SOLVATION

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36
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC

lyophilic colloids in an aqueous dispersion media.
▪ Examples are gelatin, acacia, insulin, albumin in water

A

hydrophilic colloids

37
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC

solvation in hydrophilic colloids is termed as

A

hydration

38
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC

acacia and gelatin are ____

A

POLYMERS

(molecules in chain)

39
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC

insulin and albumin are ____

A

proteins

40
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | HYDROPHILIC

acacia, gelatin, insulin, and albumin are ____

they are large enough to classify as colloidals

A

macromolecules

41
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHILIC

lyophilic colloids in non-aqueous, organic solvents.
▪ Examples are rubber and polystyrene dissolved in benzene.

A

LIPOPHILIC COLLOIDS

42
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  • Composed of materials that have little attraction for the dispersion medium.
  • Examples are inorganic particles dispersed in water, such as gold, silver, sulfur, silver iodide.
  • These colloids do not like solvents.
  • They are less stable; therefore, a stabilizing agent is often used to make this system stable.
A

LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS (SOLVENT HATING)

43
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC

Composed of materials that have ____ for the dispersion medium

A

LITTLE ATTRACTION

44
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC

These colloids ____ solvents

A

do not like

45
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC

They are ____ stable

A

less

46
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS | LYOPHOBIC

uses ____ to make this system stable

A

stablizing agent

47
Q

TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  • characterized by having two distinct regions of opposing solution affinities within the same molecule or ion.
  • can combine both with polar and non-polar solvent
  • composed of aggregates of micelles
A

AMPHIPHILIC / ASSOCIATION COLLOIDS
(amphiphiles)

48
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

aggregates of 50 or more monomers of amphiphiles, has a size of 50 nm

A

micelles

49
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

concentration of monomer at which micelles are formed

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC)

50
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

number of monomers (amphiphiles) that aggregate to form a micelle

A

AGGREGATION NUMBER

51
Q

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • scattering of light by colloidal particles
  • widely used for determining MW of colloids
  • scattering can be described in terms of turbidity T
A

FARADAY TYNDALL EFFECT

52
Q

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • Used to observe the size, shape, and structure of colloidal particles
  • Has higher resolution power than optical microscope
  • resolution defined in terms of d
    * the smaller the d, the greater is the resolving power
A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

53
Q

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

FARADAY-TYNDALL EFFECT:
scattering can be described in terms of

A

turbidity
T

54
Q

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE:
resolution is defined in terms of

A

d

55
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • random, erratic movement of colloidal particles
  • results from the bombardment of the particles by the molecules of the dispersion medium
  • velocity increases with decreasing particle size
A

BROWNIAN MOVEMENT

56
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • Spontaneous movement from high to low concentration until uniform system is achieved
  • direct results of Brownian movement
  • Can be expressed by Fick’s First Law
A

DIFFUSION

57
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

DIFFUSION:
is expressed by ____

A

Fick’s First Law

58
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • Can be described by van’t Hoff equation
  • used to calculate the MW of a colloid in a dilute solution
  • Colloidal particles cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane
A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

59
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
can be described by _____

A

van’t hoff equation
π = cRT

60
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • Velocity of sedimentation is given by Stoke’s law
  • a stronger force must be applied to bring about the sedimentation = use of ultracentrifuge
A

SEDIMENTATION
(settling)

61
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

SEDIMENTATION (SETTLING):
velocity of sedimentation is given by ____

A

stoke’s law

62
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • resistance to flow of a system under applied stress
  • more viscous → greater force to make it flow
  • affected by shape of particles
A

VISCOSITY

63
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS | VISCOSITY

SPHERICAL

A

less viscous

64
Q

KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS | VISCOSITY

LINEAR

A

more viscous

65
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

the movement of a charged surface with respect to an adjacent liquid phase is the basic principle

A

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

66
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

movement of charged particle through liquid under the influence of an applied potential difference

A

electrophoresis

67
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

movement of liquid through a plug or membrane across which a potential is applied

A

electroosmosis

68
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

creation of potential or charge when particles undergo sedimentation

A

sedimentation potential

69
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

creation of potential when liquid flow through a plug or membrane

A

streaming potentital

70
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

  • An important measure of the charge on a particle’s surface
  • High surface charge → colloidal particles repel
A

zeta potential

71
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

  • An important property of association colloids in a solution that has the ability of the micelles to increase the solubility of materials that are normally insoluble, or slightly soluble, in the dispersion medium used
  • The location of the molecule undergoing solubilization in a micelle is related to the balance between the polar and nonpolar properties of the molecule
  • Adding a third component, such as emulsifying agent in an emulsion, to increase solubility.
A

SOLUBILIZATION

72
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION

An important property of association colloids in a solution that has the ____ of materials that are normally insoluble, or slightly soluble, in the dispersion medium used

A

ability of the micelles to increase the solubility

73
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION

The location of the molecule undergoing solubilization in a micelle is related to the balance between the ____ of the molecule

A

polar and nonpolar properties

74
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION | SOLUBILIZATION

Adding a ____, such as emulsifying agent in an emulsion, to increase solubility

A

third component

75
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

The presence and magnitude of a charge in a colloidal particles is important.

A

STABILITY

76
Q

Stabilization is achieved by:

Providing particles with ____

A

ELECTRIC CHARGE

77
Q

Stabilization is achieved by:

Adding small amount of electrolyte to

A

LYOPHOBIC SOLS

78
Q

Stabilization is achieved by:

Surrounding particles with ____

A

PROTECTIVE SOLVENT SHEATH

79
Q

Stabilization is achieved by:

adding hydrophilic sol (protective colloids) to ____

A

HYDROPHOBIC COLLOIDS

80
Q

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

Protective property is expressed in

A

GOLD NUMBER

81
Q

GOLD NUMBER

The lower the gold number, the ____ is the protective ability

A

HIGHER

82
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

  • A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium
  • Used for wound healing, scaffolds in tissue engineering, and sustained-release of drugs
  • Examples: alginate, gelatin, chitosan
A

HYDROGELS

83
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

  • Small (0.2 – 0.5 um), loaded microspheres of polymers
  • Developed as carriers for vaccines and anticancer drugs
  • Increase efficiency of drug delivery, release and targeting
  • Examples: polystyrene, polymicrosphere
A

MICROPARTICLES

84
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

  • consists of an outer membrane and an inner liquid core
  • formed with phospholipids
  • has a phospholipid bilayer
  • loaded with pharmaceutical through:
    1) lipophilic compounds → lipophilic membrane
    2) hydrophilic compounds → hydrophilic core
A

LIPOSOMES

85
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

LIPOSOMES:
lipophilic ____

A

membrane

86
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

LIPOSOMES:
hydrophilic ____

A

core

87
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

  • similar to liposomes but do not have inner liquid compartment
  • used for delivery of hydrophobic pharmaceuticals
  • single layer
  • for water insoluble drugs
  • nonpolar
A

MICELLES

88
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

usually formed with homogeneous particles

A

MICROEMULSIONS
NANOEMULSIONS

89
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDS

  • submicroscopic colloidal drug carrier
  • composed of oily or aqueous core
  • surrounded by thin polymer membrane
  • more optimal as carrier for unstable drugs
A

NANOPARTICLES

PHYPHARM (28 decks)

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