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MICROMERITICS Flashcards

1
Q

MICROMERITICS

came from the greek word ____

A

micros

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2
Q

MICROMERITICS

micros means

A

small

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3
Q
  • the science and technology of small particles
  • cover particles 100nm to 100mm
A

micromeritics

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4
Q

MICROMERITICS

covers particles ____ to ____

A

100nm - 100mm

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5
Q
  • focuses on particles in the size range of 1nm to ⁓5mm
  • has three categories: colloidal dispersions, coarse dispersions, pharmaceutical powders
A

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

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6
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

focuses on particles in the size range of ____ to ____

A

1nm to approx 5mm

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7
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

3 categories

A

colloidal dispersions (& nanoparticles)
coarse dispersions
pharmaceutical powders

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8
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

SIZE:
colloidal dispersions & nanoparticles

A

< 1,000 nm

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9
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

SIZE:
coarse dispersions

A

1 - 50um

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10
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

SIZE:
pharmaceutical powders

A

50um

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11
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROMERITICS

the only dispersion not covered

A

molecular dispersion

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12
Q

how many micromeritic properties

A

7

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13
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* laser diffraction
* dynamic light scattering
REOPRTED PARAMETER:
* D-value

A

SIZE

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14
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* imaging
* scanning electron microscopy
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* high-resolution images
* circularity

A

SHAPE

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15
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* electrophoretic light scattering
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* zeta potential

A

CHARGE

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16
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* atomic force microscopy
* rheometry
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* elasticity
* stiffness (Young’s modulus)

A

MECHANICAL

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* gas adsorption method
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* surface area
* pore size

A

SURFACE

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19
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* differential sanning calorimetry
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* percentage of crystallinity

A

INTERNAL MICROSTRUCTURE

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20
Q

MICROMERITIC PROPERTIES

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE:
* bulk density
* tapped density
REPORTED PARAMETER:
* hausner ratio

A

FLOWABILITY & COHESIVENESS

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20
Q
  • shape, surface area of each paritcle, size range and number, weight and volume must be considered
  • cannot be describe by a single dimension
A

PARTICLE SIZE

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21
Q

particles cannot be described by a ____

A

single dimension

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22
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

a size of a spherical particle is characterized by its ____

A

diameter

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22
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

a size of a non-spherical particle is characterized by its ____

A

equivalent spherical diameter

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22
Q

PARTICLE SIZE | EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER

  • the diameter of a circle that has the same projected area as the particle
  • imaginary circle that covers 2 points of the particle
A

PORJECTED

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22
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

absence of measurable diameter with irregularly shaped particles

A

equivalent spherical diameter

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22
Q

PARTICLE SIZE

  • for non-spherical/asymmetrical particles
  • approximate particle size based on diameter of sphere
A

equivalent spherical diameter

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23
Q

PARTICLE SIZE | EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER

  • the diameter of the particle at the point that divides a randomly oriented particle into two equal projected areas
A

MARTIN’S

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24
Q

PARTICLE SIZE | EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER

commonly used in particle sizing

A

MARTIN’S
FERET’S

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24
Q

PARTICLE SIZE | EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER

not used in particle sizing because of variations

A

PROJECTED

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24
Q

PARTICLE SIZE | EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER

  • the distance between imaginary parallel lines tangent to a radomly oriented particle and perpendicular to the ocular scale
A

FERET’S

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25
Q
  • represents the number of particles in each size present in a given sample
  • represented as frequency curve or cumulative percentage over/under a particular size curve
  • particles in a group could either be: monodisperse, polydisperse
A

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

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25
Q

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

collection of particles of uniform size

A

MONODISPERSE

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26
Q

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

collection of particles of more than one size

A

POLYDISPERSE

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26
Q

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

is represented as ____ or ____ over/under a particular size curve

A

frequency curve or cumulative percentage

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26
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

number of particles

A

optical microscopy
electron microscopy

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26
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

weight of particles

A

sieving
sedimentation
centrifugation

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27
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

light scattering by particles

A

photon correlation spectroscopy

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27
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

volume of particles

A

coulter counter method

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28
Q

particle shape analysis is carried out using ____

A

imaging techniques

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28
Q

it affects:
* solubility
* packing properties
* flowability
* bulk powder properties
* surface area

A

PARTICLE SHAPE

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28
Q

carried out using imaging techniques

A

PARTICLE SHAPE ANALYSIS

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29
Q

PARTICLE SHAPE

measure of deviation from roundness;

  • if AR = 1, the particle is a perfect sphere
A

ASPECT RATIO

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29
Q

PARTICLE SHAPE

expresses the radius of cuvature of the particle corners

  • if roundness = 1, the particle is circular

(roundness of corners)

A

ROUNDNESS

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30
Q

PARTICLE SHAPE

measures the closeness to a perfect sphere
* if sphericity = 1, the particle is sphere

(roundess as a whole)

A

SPHERICITY

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30
Q

PARTICLE SHAPE

representative of local surface textures between corners
* if roughness decreases, the particle surface has more concavities

A

ROUGHNESS

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31
Q

SURFACE AREA & SPECIFIC SURFACE

what is the relationship between the asymmetry of the particle to the specific surface

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

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31
Q

defined as the surface area per unit volume or per unit weight

A

SPECIFIC SURFACE

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32
Q

SURFACE AREA & SPECIFIC SURFACE

what is the relationship of the particle size to the surface area

A

inversley proportional

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33
Q

materials with high specific area may have cracks and ____ that adsorb gases & vapors into their interstices

A

PORES

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33
Q

a measure of the air spaces or voids in a material (ɛ)

33
Q

describes the behavior of a material under load
* elasticity
* stiffness
* rigidity
* hardness
* strength

A

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

34
Q

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

extent of resistance to deformation (shear modulus, G)

35
Q

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

resist deformation when exposed to stress and return to its original state (Young’s modulus, Eγ)

A

ELASTICITY

36
Q
  • the surface charge on a particle has a potential to affect its interaction with other particle
  • zeta potential (electrokinetic potential)
  • formation of the electrical double layer
A

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

36
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

DIFFUSE LAYER:
ions are diffused more freely ____

A

around the particle

36
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

hydrodynamic plane of shear is also called

A

slipping plane

37
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

HYDRODYNAMIC PLANE OF SHEAR:
charges beyond the slipping plane will ____ with the particle as an entity.

37
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

HYDRODYNAMIC PLANE OF SHEAR:
ions within this boundary will ____ with particle as one entity

37
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

STERN LAYER:
the particle will attract ions of the ____ charge

38
Q

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

STERN LAYER:
positive ions will ____ to the surface. these ions are tightly bound immediately around the surface

A

MOVE CLOSER

38
Q
  • the choice of sutiable sizing technique for measuring PSD depends on the expected size range of the particle
  • has three categories:
    - single particle counting
    - fractionation
    - ensemble averaging
A

PARTICLE SIZING TECHNIQUES

38
Q

PARTICLE SIZING TECHNIQUES

the choice of sutiable sizing technique for measuring PSD depends on the ____ of the particle

A

expected size range

39
Q

means to verify and supplement the information gained from the first technique with a complemenetary second and possibly a third technique that used different mechanism to measure particle size

A

ORTHOGONAL

40
Q
  • used to confirm measurements made by an unrelated method
  • confirmation of an initial test with a different method
A

ORTHOGONAL MEASUREMENTS

40
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS

  • direct measurement of microstructural features and intermolecular forces at nanoscale level
  • high resolution, atomic-resolution method – topographical image
A

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY

40
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS

provides measurements on surface textures

A

TOPOGRAPHICAL IMAGE

40
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS

  • high resolution direct technique for characterizing particles from about 1 microns to several mm
  • typically used in conjunction with ensemble-based particle sizing method such as laser diffraction
A

AUTOMATED STATIC & DYNAMIC IMAGE ANALYSIS

41
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS

Automated Static & Dynamic Image Analysis is typically used in conjunction with ensemble-based particle sizing method such as ____

A

LASER DIFFRACTION

42
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS | AUTOMATED STATIC & DYNAMIC IMAGE ANALYSIS

  • uses microscope to capture image of the stationary particles
  • size and shape measurements
42
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS | AUTOMATED STATIC & DYNAMIC IMAGE ANALYSIS

  • uses microscope to capture image of particles flowing
  • ideal for bulk solids
43
Q

IMAGING ANALYSIS | AUTOMATED STATIC & DYNAMIC IMAGE ANALYSIS

dynamic image analysis is ideal for ____

A

bulk solids

43
Q
  • photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS); quasi-electric light scattering (QELS)
  • measures particle size in the submicron range below 1nm
  • measurement with light-scattering of dynamic
A

DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING

44
Q
  • small amount of sample is required
  • analysis is rapid
  • does not require highly specialized personnel
  • noninvasive
A

DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING

44
Q

an ensemble technique - the diameter obtained is that of a sphere that has translational diffusion coefficient as the particle being measured
(means that size is larger than what is measured in EM)

A

DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING

45
Q
  • used for particles ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to several millimeters
  • measured PSD by measuring the angular variation in the intensity of light scattered as a laser beam passes through a dispersed particle sample
A

LASER DIFFRACTION

45
Q

LASER DIFFRACTION

what is the relationship between particle size and the angle of diffraction

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

46
Q
  • one of the oldest method; method of choice for coarser powders
  • this method utilizes a series of standard sieves stacked over one another then subjected to standardized period of agitation and the weight retaned on eahc sieve is accurately determined
46
Q

SIEVEING

it is a method of choice for what type of powders

A

COARSER POWDERS

46
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA

can be computed from ____ obtained

47
Q
  • the amount of gas or liquid solute that is adsorbed onto the powder to form monolayer
  • depends on the rate at which gas or liquid permeates a bed of powder
A

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA

48
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA

  • amount of a gas or liquid solute that is adsorbed onto the sample of powder to form a monolayer is a direct function of the surface area of the sample
A

ADOSORPTION METHOD

48
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA | ADSOPRTION METHOD

insturment used to calculate surface area and pore structure

A

QUANTASORB

48
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA | ADSORPTION METHOD

what is the relationship between the amount of quantasorb and the surface area

A

directly proportional

49
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA

  • the rate at which a gas or liquid permeates a bed of powder is related to the surface area exposed to the permeant
A

AIR PERMEABILITY METHOD

50
Q

METHODS FOR DETERMINING SURFACE AREA | AIR PERMEABILITY METHOD

instrument used to calculate surface area and pore structure

A

FISHER SUBSIEVE SIZER

50
Q

FUNDAMENTAL properties of powders

A

particle size distribution
surface area

51
Q

powders may be:
* free-flowing
* cohesive/sticky

A

FLOW PROPERTIES & FLOWABILITY

51
Q

FLOW PROPERTIES & FLOWABILITY

  • characterized by dustibility
  • example: lycopodium - 100% dustibility
A

FREE-FLOWING

52
Q

FLOW PROPERTIES & FLOWABILITY

Free-flowing is characterized by

A

DUSTIBILITY

53
Q

FLOW PROPERTIES & FLOWABILITY

dustibility of lycopodium

54
Q
  • the maximum angle possible between the surface of a pile of powder and the horizontal plane
    the lower the θ, the bettwer the flow
A

ANGLE OF REPOSE

54
Q

ANGLE OF REPOSE

what is the relationship of the angle of repose to the flowability of the sample

A

directly proportional

54
Q

ANGLE OF REPOSE

the lower the θ, the ____ the flow

54
Q

ANGLE OF REPOSE

θ

A

theta in degree

55
Q
  • the granular materials are poured from a funnel at a certain height onto a selected base with known roughness properties
  • the funnel is either fixed or raised slowly while the conical chape of the material heap is forming to minimize the effect of the falling particles
A

FIXE FUNNEL METHOD

55
Q

PORE SIZE & POROSITY (VOIDS OR SPACES)

what do you call the voids in between powder particles

A

INTERPARTICULATE VOIDS

56
Q

PORE SIZE & POROSITY (VOIDS OR SPACES)

the voids within a specific particle

A

INTRAPARTICULATE VOIDS

57
Q

DESNITIES OF PARTICLES

density of material itself is exclusive of inter- and intraparticular voids

A

TRUE DENSITY

58
Q

DESNITIES OF PARTICLES

density of material itself including intraparticular voids

A

GRANULAR DENSITY

58
Q

DESNITIES OF PARTICLES

density of material itself inclusive of inter- and intraparticular voids

A

BULK DENSITY

58
Q

DESNITIES OF PARTICLES

  • aka compressed bulk density
  • obtained after compacting by tapping or vibration
A

TAPPED DENSITY

59
Q

DESNITIES OF PARTICLES

tapped density is also called

A

compressed bulk density

59
Q

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

Method I

A

graduated cylinder

60
Q

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

Method II

A

SCOTT VOLUMETER

61
Q

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

ρ

61
Q

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

what is the relationship between the bulk density and the interparticulate voids

A

directly proportional

61
Q

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

what is the relationship between the tapped density and the interparticulate voids

A

inversely proportional

61
Q

mechanical tapping is achieved by raising the cylinder and allowing it to drop under its own weight

A

DETERMINATION OF TAPPED DENSITY

62
Q

DETERMINATION OF TAPPED DENSITY

is achieved by raising the cylinder and allowing it to drop under its own weight

A

MECHANICAL TAPPING

62
Q

Carr reported that the more a material is compacted in a compaction or tap bulk density test, the poorer are its flow properties

A

COMPRESSIBILITY (CARR’S) INDEX

63
Q

COMPRESSIBILITY (CARR’S) INDEX

who reported that the more a material is compacted in a compaction or tap bulk density test, the poorer are its flow properties

64
Q

COMPRESSIBILITY (CARR’S) INDEX

what is the relationship between the compressibility index and the flow property

A

directly proprotional

64
Q
  • a set of particles can be filled into a volume of space to produce a powder bed, which is in static equilibrium owing to the interaction of gravitational and adhesive/cohesive forces
  • by slight vibration of the bed, particles can be mobilized and at static equilibrium, they occupy a different spatial voume than before
A

PACKING GEOMETRY

64
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

a set of particles can be filled into a volume of space to produce a ____, which is in static equilibrium owing to the interaction of gravitational and adhesive/cohesive forces

A

powder bed

64
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

a set of particles can be filled into a volume of space to produce a powder bed, which is in ____ owing to the interaction of gravitational and adhesive/cohesive forces

A

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

65
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

a set of particles can be filled into a volume of space to produce a powder bed, which is in static equilibrium owing to the interaction of ____ and ____ forces

A

GRAVITATIONAL & ADHESIVE/COHESIVE FORCES

66
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

by ____ of the bed, particles can be mobilized and at static equilibrium, they occupy a different spatial voume than before

A

SLIGHT VIBRATION

66
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

by slight vibration of the bed, particles can be ____

67
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

at ____, they occupy a different spatial voume than before

A

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

67
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

static equilibrium, they occupy a ____ than before

A

DIFFERENT SPATIAL VOLUME

68
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

  • loosest packing
  • porosity = 48%
68
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

POROSITY:
cubic

69
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

  • closest packing
  • porosity = 26%
A

RHOMBOHEDRAL

70
Q

PACKING GEOMETRY

POROSITY:
rhombohedral

PHYPHARM (28 decks)

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