Sociology test Flashcards

Question

Max weber

Answer 1

theory of rationalization actions are dependant on efficiency rationalization helps society function efficently Example: you get promoted because it helps tge higher-ups, get your "best" work Buraccucracy is better than revolution He compared history like a game of clue Rationalization: people are replaceable referred to society as an "iron cage" The idea that you are always trapped in everything Always controlled Agreed with Karl Marx about the harm of power, and that it wasn't just money separating group, but it was gender, age, etc. that is affected by wealth Thinks that everyone should be equal Agreed with Emile about religion being essential but concluded that religion didn't always lead to love religious beliefs/values led to social changes not all outcomes are possible in society, there are "tracks"

Answer 2

Believed that symbols are key to understanding society Symbols define our relationships Without symbols, we wouldn't know how to interact with each other

Answer 3

theory the way you percieve yoursel is how others percieve you Step 1: imagine how you look to other people step 2: imagine the judgements these people make about you Step 3: Imagine yourself after people judged you Re-inventing yourself This is why you are never your true self You will always think about what others think about you

Answer 4

"The sociologist imagination" Reminded society that sociologists exist to change society pointed out that society was still rife with social problems

Answer 5

1700's-1800's people went from monarchy to republicans

Answer 6

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max weber

Answer 7

Microsociology- how society works from person to person Network sociology- viewing society as a web Macrosociology- society to society religion-micro comparing religions- macro

Answer 8

one of the founders of sociology "organic metaphor'- society is a human body which has small parts First sociologist More positive than Karl Marx people are governed by social facts There's "facts" that are not applicable to be true by some people He believed as time went on, people change, and changes happen (sociological method) Argues that crime can be normal only if it's useful to society Disgareed with marx about religion being bad, he believed that religion serves a funtion in society and that religion helps maintain solidarity 2 types of solidarity: organic: people have to adapt to certain situations mechanical: following rules and living in harmony conclusion: religion is essential, encourages mutual respect, proves change over time, adapted because society also changed. He appreciated that religion can serv as a powerful form of social glue holding people together.

Answer 9

1. Theoretical questions- question about an idea "what is racism" 2. Moral questions- question about what ti do morally "should racism exist" 3. Empirical question- question about fact "does racism exist"

Answer 10

Rudy Giulian "more broken windows=more crime" Robert Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush tested this theory Giulian was wrong, since broken windows don't mean more crime, but it says something about the area that makes people think there's more crime

Answer 11

Theologians: studied religion, argued that God had a plan Philosophers: looked at human nature historians: studied past societies

Answer 12

Arab philosopher and historian The kitab al-lbar precurser of sociology Argued that older groups will be taken over by younger people (status) The first figure to talk about society like a sociologist Not a sociologist, but a philosopher Asabiyyah

Answer 13

American revolution (1776) French revolution (1789-1814) Critisms of government (and it's role pf society) Discussion of fairness and human rights

Answer 14

18-19 century Cities and jobs grew Efficiency in production Entertainment grew in quality Too much work

Answer 15

Saw the french revolution positivism= natural world could be productively used to study the world 1. looking at sciences, scientific investigation, knowledge 2. laws 3. science + laws = change 4. science can be used to build a better world Three stages of society in progress 1. Theological stage (religion) 2. Metaphysical stage 3. scientific stage he was seen as too broad

Answer 16

First of the three thinkers commented on capitalism, economic system WI Freidrich Engels Conflict theory: competition of power Inbalance of wealth powerful instutions harm the poor conflict of burgious and palitarian He believed everything was a competition of power/money He predicted that the lower class world Conflict +revolution = societal evolution to Marx Believed religion was bad because he understood that society was fundemental for gaining power

Answer 17

Every stage in history: mode of production (organizing production) Our source of material changes Each mode of production = conflict

Answer 18

b= upper class, favored by capitalism p= lower class, hurt by capitalism technically, capitalism hurts everyone

Answer 19

university of chicago Ethnology and participant observation Symbolic interactionalism: the study of interaction With symbols and gestures

Answer 20

Americans stopped controlling themselves, and started being controlled (religion, consumerism) First sociologist to be featured on time magazine

Answer 21

Espoured functionalism: the same model of something exists for a reason since it works He thought Reisman's argument was a good thing controvertial (for example, murder or racism)

Answer 22

1. art 2. religion 3. politics 4. laws 5. economy 6. language 7. technology

Answer 23

Nuclear family (basic family) Extended family (more genrations) Lone families (one parent) Same sex family Interracial family (increasing the most)

Answer 24

influencial group of people Teach some skills family don't Can be beliefs from social media

Answer 25

nature: genetic inherticance nurture: influences in lives

Answer 26

Smaller groups A culture that is very different from the mainstream culture

Answer 27

Smaller groups of people in a culture

Answer 28

1. basic skills (good hygiene) 2. Socially accepted goals (behaving good in school) 3. Roles and behaviours

Answer 29

1. primary socialization (simple, common) 2. Secondary socialization (behaving properly) 3. Anticipatory socialization (problem-solving) 4. Resocialization (Transfrom negative behaviour into positive behaviour)

Answer 30

Primary: family, first thing you are brought into Secondary: school, peer-groups, the workplace, media, religion

Answer 31

A group of people who do physical maintenance Procreating or adoption, socializing children, nurturing, social control and/or producing, distributing goods

Answer 32

Giving "phantom-like" idea/qualities to an object The object is given value Focus on the item rather than how it was made

Answer 33

Durkheim and parsons the belief that instution that work together help to make everyone happy Family, religions, schools, etc. Macrotheory Durkheim believed that society functions the way it should We thrive off social interactions Because society works, that means we are doing it properly Parsons said that social behaviour is an entity If something exists, it's from something good Society exist as one behaviour

Answer 34

Patriarchial: male dominated Feminism wants instutions to have less male power

Answer 35

feminist sociology Believed that society favored men, everything society does is to benefit men

Answer 36

social layes 1. material 2. money 3. power 4. prestige 5. relationships (holds everything like a pyramid)

Answer 37

attributes you are born with and cannot get rid of

Answer 38

Attributes you are given/earned, controlled

Answer 39

Recognized people inhertited different traits Talent does not equate to one's work People require motivation People who work minimum wage jobs are unmotivated

Answer 40

1. people need to be motivated to work the best they can 2. motivation = reward 3. people who get paid more than others means equality sociologists argue that inequality is inevitable, it needs to happen. More money=more power

Answer 41

Where you are from Where your culture is from Some ethnicities and races are linked 1. historical background (place of origin) 2. culture and food (language) 3. symbols and clothing Can be argues that ethnicity isn't who you are

Answer 42

Concious - the choice of treating people unfairly unconcious - someone take's another person's race into consideration without realizing it The weight of history - can't escape racist stereotypes Self fullfilling prophecy - when a group of people face systemic discrimination, they can also hurt

Answer 43

the idea that ideal minorities are all the same Problem because they are different Not all racism is the same Different groups come from different circumstances A minority group is actually many minority groups

Answer 44

crime=deviance, but not all deviance is crime Informal norms: good manners, keeping secrets, dressing accordingly

Answer 45

Decide what's legal and what's illegal Decide if someone is guilty or not They decide the meaning of a law If someone did a crime, the court can find a loophole to not arrest that person Politics inforce laws, court interpets law

Answer 46

officially, when you break a law, it's official

Answer 47

Riding a bike on side walk- can be charged for it but it's not always the same outcome

Answer 48

Robert W. Balch Asked high schol students to imagine a boy being caught outside of class without a hall pass he asked if the student was a troublemaker, hippie, or a quiet person The class voted that the troublemaker and hippie would have to have harsher punishments Stereotypes and bias control us, which is why we always act on them Biggest cause of deviance= being called a deviant When you get on someone's bad side, they can see you as deviant When you get called a deviant, sometimes you embrace something bas that you did beforre

Answer 49

Deterrence: punishing someone and they don't do it again Prevention: preventing education reformation: you help someone learn from their lesson

Answer 50

Based on solidarity Group of two: dyad less personal groups: informal Secondary group: individual's role is measured by contribution Virtual group: communication over a virtual platform, but you don't know anyone personally groups set expectations Sanctions: formal or informal penalty or reward to ensure conformality within a group Guidelines also establish norms

Answer 51

Tied to antisocial and criminal purposes, but they have the same characteristics of a group They are meant for protection They provide identity, power, purpose, protection They usually have a history of being discriminated against The average age of a member of a gang is 16 years old

Answer 52

spontanious, example: everyone panics

Answer 53

Collective theory as the most outcome

Answer 54

based on self, individual favours larger groups over smaller, less organized groups

Answer 55

Altruism- principle of unselfish regard, people do things because they actually mean to do good prosocial behaviour- individual or group do care fir the welfare of ithers without getting a reward

Answer 56

compliance: social behaviour that is contrary to one's own belief but is exhibited to achieve rewards

Answer 57

Herold Garfinkel intentional breaking of social norms and analyzed people's reactions to the breach

Answer 58

Traditional rule: run by older, wise people Monarchy Theocracy: government run by religious leader Imperial republic: republic but it's an empire Communist republic Democradic republic

Answer 59

An environmental catastrophe An outside attack by an aggressive neighbor internal fighting Too much economic inequality A cultural challenge to the justification for te govenment

Answer 60

infrastructure stable economy transparent government respect cultures and religions A lack of interference

Answer 61

limited amount of power to go around Conflict theory (Karl Marx)

Answer 62

When there's a gab between what people get and what they deserve to get, and they do something about it. lack of representation. Example: women's suffrage

Answer 63

Douglas McAdam social movements from when people share grievance and are able to mobalize resources and take action

Answer 64

1. full response: ligitament, goal achieved 2. pre-emption: attainable, doesn't seem ligitament 3. co-optation: seem ligitament, not attainable 4. Collapse: fails to give ligitamenence and not attainable, goal not met, this is the most negative, and opposite of full response

Answer 65

Born in germany two ideas geimenschaft and gesselschaft Schaft is unity geimen is community, the idea that people live together and also have similar interests. gessel means society, where people live together but they may not share interests. Over time, he thinks that society will be gesselschaft because there are too many people, so it would be hard to be close with everyone

Answer 66

Sociologists have come up with different stages that people go through. 1. birth 2. education 3. labour force participation 4. dating and sexual activity 5. moving out of parents household 6. childbaring 7. co-habitation 8. marriage 9. divorce 10. death

Answer 67

Some people say that ADHD is overdiagnosed There might be too much medication so doctors will over diagnose ADHD. Sociologists say that we must wait until there's evidence to prove it

Answer 68

people started to change after WWII before the war, people were different After the war: Economy became trebulent, prices went up Unmarried couples barely has rights Discrimination against women went down because they took on jobs from home, and society accepted it Contraceptions started to increase and population increased. meaning that STDs were on the rise. This led to the increase of middle-class - need two incomes to be stable - they also live modestly, they can afford things without stress - afford luxury vacations but not comfortably - middle-class workers have specialized jobs - own property but don't have many investments

Answer 69

Supernatural: beyond the natural physical world Traditions: customs passed down over time Worship: taking part in your religion Congregation: the people you worship with Geography: where the religion is Services: services offered theough organization

Answer 70

1. find someone vulnerable/in a transitional state 2. soft sell: the candidate has an initial meeting/talk 3. the candidate is seperated from immerse seperation 4. You make it your mission to make yourself become close with the mem.. 5. creating as extreme enemy 6. peer pressure: strong push to join the cult 7. fully brainwashed the recruit into serving as sociopathic narcassist

Answer 71

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber

Answer 72

How to properly behave in school.

Answer 73

The study of society as an interrelated web of connections.

Answer 74

A religious institution.

Answer 75

The Chicago School

Answer 76

*Knowledge of society can be gained through scientific investigation. *And by observing the laws that govern social stability and change. *Scientific understanding of these laws can bring about change. *Science can be used to build a better world.

Answer 77

Cultures where groups can see other like-minded individuals.

Answer 78

He viewed humans as “social creatures,” who define themselves by their social interactions.

Answer 79

A sociologist who argued that people could free themselves from the capitalist system through bureaucracy instead of revolution.

Answer 80

Attributes that you’re born with, and that society judges you upon.

Answer 81

1.A historical narrative, generally associated with a place of origin. 2.Cultural customs, such as food, holiday celebrations, a language. 3.Symbols and distinctive styles of dress.

Answer 82

What is the argument that suggests?: 1.People need to be motivated to work hard and to take the jobs they’re best suited for. 2.Motivation means reward . . . and the real possibility of having significantly more or less reward. 3.Because there need to be people who are rewarded more than others, there needs to be inequality.

Answer 83

Religion must: 1. serve a function in society, 2. must do something to help people work together happily and productively.

Answer 84

1. Finding someone who is in a vulnerable or transitional state (at a crossroads in their life). **2. Soft sell: The candidate has an initial meeting or talk with the recruiters. * 3. The candidate is immersed into a new reality and separated from outside influences (ex. no television, movies, contact with friends, etc.) 4. The candidate’s #1 relationship is with the cult leader. *5. The cult creates an external enemy. *6. The candidate experiences peer pressure (ex. a strong push to become part of the cult). * *7. The new member is brainwashed into serving a sociopathic narcissist.

Answer 85

The theory that collective action as the most common outcome.

Answer 86

Using 123movies/putlockers/torrents to download movies.

Answer 87

*An environmental catastrophe, like a drought or natural disaster (for example, the Rapanui of Easter Island who ran short of resources and fell into disastrous conflict with each other) *An outside attack by an aggressive neighbor (for example, European nations in the Second World War) *Internal fighting or disorganization among the people in the government (for example, the American Civil War) *Too much economic inequality, which can cause the have-nots to rise up and take over (for example, the French Revolution) *A cultural challenge to the justification for the system of government (for example, the Russian Revolution)

Answer 88

Social behaviour that is contrary to one’s own beliefs but is exhibited to achieve rewards and avoid punishments.

Answer 89

Points at which people transition from one stage of life to the next.

Answer 90

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Answer 91

Moving in with a romantic partner.

Answer 92

✓ Birth ✓ Completing stages of education (grade school, high school, college, grad school) ✓ The beginning of labor-force participation (in other words, getting a job) ✓ The start of dating and sexual activity ✓ Moving out of one’s parents’ household ✓ Childbearing ✓ Cohabitation (moving in with a romantic partner) ✓ Marriage ✓ Divorce ✓ Death