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grade 11 > Sociology test > Flashcards

Sociology test Flashcards

1
Q

Chicago school

A

university of chicago
Ethnology and participant observation
Symbolic interactionalism: the study of interaction
With symbols and gestures

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2
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

Arab philosopher and historian
The kitab al-lbar
precurser of sociology
Argued that older groups will be taken over by younger people (status)
The first figure to talk about society like a sociologist
Not a sociologist, but a philosopher
Asabiyyah

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3
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

micro theory
believes that the individual is the centre
The idea of the individual based on how they are percieved by others
you reshape yourself based on people’s reactions
depends on interpetation
your physical appearance and actions matter
the study of interaction

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4
Q

Max Weber

A

theory of rationalization
actions are dependant on efficiency
rationalization helps society function efficently
Example: you get promoted because it helps tge higher-ups, get your “best” work
Buraccucracy is better than revolution

He compared history like a game of clue
Rationalization: people are replaceable
referred to society as an “iron cage”
The idea that you are always trapped in everything
Always controlled

Agreed with Karl Marx about the harm of power, and that it wasn’t just money separating group, but it was gender, age, etc. that is affected by wealth

Thinks that everyone should be equal

Agreed with Emile about religion being essential but concluded that religion didn’t always lead to love
religious beliefs/values led to social changes
not all outcomes are possible in society, there are “tracks”

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5
Q

Positivism

A

Auguste comte
Saw the french revolution
positivism= natural world could be productively used to study the world
1. looking at sciences, scientific investigation, knowledge
2. laws
3. science + laws = change
4. science can be used to build a better world

Three stages of society in progress
1. Theological stage (religion)
2. Metaphysical stage
3. scientific stage

he was seen as too broad

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6
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

people have to adapt to certain situations
Emile durkheim

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7
Q

David Riesman

A

Americans stopped controlling themselves, and started being controlled (religion, consumerism)
First sociologist to be featured on time magazine

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8
Q

Zero-sum view of power

A

limited amount of power to go around
Conflict theory (Karl Marx)

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9
Q

Socialization

A
  1. primary socialization (simple, common)
  2. Secondary socialization (behaving properly)
  3. Anticipatory socialization (problem-solving)
  4. Resocialization (Transfrom negative behaviour into positive behaviour)

Primary: family, first thing you are brought into
Secondary: school, peer-groups, the workplace, media, religion

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10
Q

ADHD

A

Some people say that ADHD is overdiagnosed
There might be too much medication so doctors will over diagnose ADHD. Sociologists say that we must wait until there’s evidence to prove it

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10
Q

Auguste Comte

A

positivism
Saw the french revolution
positivism= natural world could be productively used to study the world
1. looking at sciences, scientific investigation, knowledge
2. laws
3. science + laws = change
4. science can be used to build a better world

Three stages of society in progress
1. Theological stage (religion)
2. Metaphysical stage
3. scientific stage

he was seen as too broad

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11
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

in cases, someone’s actions seem inexcliciple, there are probably self-serving motives

humans are selfish

you will never do something perfectly

What people do vs. what people actually do

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12
Q

Cultural Toolkit

A

dressing/acting on something in certain areas which may not be acceptable in other areas. This is more broad

Ann swindler

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13
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

“The sociologist imagination”

Reminded society that sociologists exist to change society

pointed out that society was still rife with social problems

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13
Q

Douglas McAdam

A

resource mobalization theory
social movements from when people share grievance and are able to mobalize resources and take action

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14
Q

Rationalization

A

people are replaceable
referred to society as an “iron cage”
The idea that you are always trapped in everything
Always controlled

Max weber

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15
Q

Broken Windows Theory

A

Rudy Giulian
“more broken windows=more crime”
Robert Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush tested this theory
Giulian was wrong, since broken windows don’t mean more crime, but it says something about the area that makes people think there’s more crime

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16
Q

Examples of social facts

A

About half of marriages end in divorce

People can have different jobs in their lives

Most people don’t listen to classical music

This is a social thing, judging a group but not every single inidividual

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17
Q

Norms, values, laws

A

norms - normal
values- important
laws- roles that must be followed

Only laws are necessary

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18
Q

Ann Swindler

A

Cultural toolkit, dressing/acting on something in certain areas which may not be acceptable in other areas. This is more broad

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19
Q

Prudence carter

A

Code switching: actual act of switching (person to person)

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20
Q

Rationality vs. irrationality

A

rational choice theory: in cases, someone’s actions seem inexcliciple, there are probably self-serving motives

humans are selfish

you will never do something perfectly

What people do vs. what people actually do

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21
Q

Challenges to rational decisions

A

People make suboptional decisions
People make irrational decisions
Emotion
Altruism- balancing selfishness and selflessness

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21
Q

Symbolic interacionalism

A

micro theory
believes that the individual is the centre
The idea of the individual based on how they are percieved by others
you reshape yourself based on people’s reactions
depends on interpetation
your physical appearance and actions matter

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22
Q

Max weber

A

theory of rationalization
actions are dependant on efficiency
rationalization helps society function efficently
Example: you get promoted because it helps tge higher-ups, get your “best” work
Buraccucracy is better than revolution

He compared history like a game of clue
Rationalization: people are replaceable
referred to society as an “iron cage”
The idea that you are always trapped in everything
Always controlled

Agreed with Karl Marx about the harm of power, and that it wasn’t just money separating group, but it was gender, age, etc. that is affected by wealth

Thinks that everyone should be equal

Agreed with Emile about religion being essential but concluded that religion didn’t always lead to love
religious beliefs/values led to social changes
not all outcomes are possible in society, there are “tracks”

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22
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Believed that symbols are key to understanding society
Symbols define our relationships
Without symbols, we wouldn’t know how to interact with each other

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23
Q

The looking glass self

A

theory
the way you percieve yoursel is how others percieve you
Step 1: imagine how you look to other people
step 2: imagine the judgements these people make about you
Step 3: Imagine yourself after people judged you
Re-inventing yourself
This is why you are never your true self
You will always think about what others think about you

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24
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

“The sociologist imagination”

Reminded society that sociologists exist to change society

pointed out that society was still rife with social problems

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25
Q

The history of sociology

A

1700’s-1800’s
people went from monarchy to republicans

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25
Q

3 most influencial and important sociologists

A

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max weber

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25
Q

3 types of sociology

A

Microsociology- how society works from person to person
Network sociology- viewing society as a web
Macrosociology- society to society

religion-micro
comparing religions- macro

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25
Q

Emile durkheim

A

one of the founders of sociology
“organic metaphor’- society is a human body which has small parts

First sociologist
More positive than Karl Marx
people are governed by social facts
There’s “facts” that are not applicable to be true by some people
He believed as time went on, people change, and changes happen (sociological method)

Argues that crime can be normal only if it’s useful to society

Disgareed with marx about religion being bad, he believed that religion serves a funtion in society and that religion helps maintain solidarity
2 types of solidarity:
organic: people have to adapt to certain situations
mechanical: following rules and living in harmony
conclusion: religion is essential, encourages mutual respect, proves change over time, adapted because society also changed. He appreciated that religion can serv as a powerful form of social glue holding people together.

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25
Q

Empirical questions

A
  1. Theoretical questions- question about an idea “what is racism”
  2. Moral questions- question about what ti do morally “should racism exist”
  3. Empirical question- question about fact “does racism exist”
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25
Q

The broken windows Theory

A

Rudy Giulian
“more broken windows=more crime”
Robert Sampson and Stephen Raudenbush tested this theory
Giulian was wrong, since broken windows don’t mean more crime, but it says something about the area that makes people think there’s more crime

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25
Q

Pre sociologists

A

Theologians: studied religion, argued that God had a plan

Philosophers: looked at human nature

historians: studied past societies

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25
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

Arab philosopher and historian
The kitab al-lbar
precurser of sociology
Argued that older groups will be taken over by younger people (status)
The first figure to talk about society like a sociologist
Not a sociologist, but a philosopher
Asabiyyah

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25
Q

Political revolutions

A

American revolution (1776)
French revolution (1789-1814)
Critisms of government (and it’s role pf society)
Discussion of fairness and human rights

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25
Q

The industrial revolution

A

18-19 century
Cities and jobs grew
Efficiency in production
Entertainment grew in quality
Too much work

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25
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Saw the french revolution
positivism= natural world could be productively used to study the world
1. looking at sciences, scientific investigation, knowledge
2. laws
3. science + laws = change
4. science can be used to build a better world

Three stages of society in progress
1. Theological stage (religion)
2. Metaphysical stage
3. scientific stage

he was seen as too broad

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25
Q

Karl Marx

A

First of the three thinkers
commented on capitalism, economic system
WI Freidrich Engels

Conflict theory:
competition of power
Inbalance of wealth
powerful instutions harm the poor
conflict of burgious and palitarian
He believed everything was a competition of power/money
He predicted that the lower class world

Conflict +revolution = societal evolution to Marx

Believed religion was bad because he understood that society was fundemental for gaining power

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25
Q

Dialetic Materialism

A

Every stage in history: mode of production (organizing production)
Our source of material changes
Each mode of production = conflict

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25
Q

Borgeais vs. protetariat

A

b= upper class, favored by capitalism
p= lower class, hurt by capitalism

technically, capitalism hurts everyone

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25
Q

The chicago School

A

university of chicago
Ethnology and participant observation
Symbolic interactionalism: the study of interaction
With symbols and gestures

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25
Q

David riesman

A

Americans stopped controlling themselves, and started being controlled (religion, consumerism)
First sociologist to be featured on time magazine

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25
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

Espoured functionalism: the same model of something exists for a reason since it works

He thought Reisman’s argument was a good thing
controvertial (for example, murder or racism)

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25
Q

Culture continuem

A
  1. art
  2. religion
  3. politics
  4. laws
  5. economy
  6. language
  7. technology
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25
Q

Different types of family

A

Nuclear family (basic family)
Extended family (more genrations)
Lone families (one parent)
Same sex family
Interracial family (increasing the most)

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25
Q

Peer groups

A

influencial group of people
Teach some skills family don’t
Can be beliefs from social media

25
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

nature: genetic inherticance
nurture: influences in lives

25
Q

Subculture/counterculture

A

Smaller groups
A culture that is very different from the mainstream culture

25
Q

Microculture

A

Smaller groups of people in a culture

26
Q

to learn a culture

A
  1. basic skills (good hygiene)
  2. Socially accepted goals (behaving good in school)
  3. Roles and behaviours
26
Q

Process of socialization

A
  1. primary socialization (simple, common)
  2. Secondary socialization (behaving properly)
  3. Anticipatory socialization (problem-solving)
  4. Resocialization (Transfrom negative behaviour into positive behaviour)
26
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Primary: family, first thing you are brought into
Secondary: school, peer-groups, the workplace, media, religion

26
Q

family

A

A group of people who do physical maintenance
Procreating or adoption, socializing children, nurturing, social control and/or producing, distributing goods

26
Q

Commodity fetishism

A

Giving “phantom-like” idea/qualities to an object
The object is given value
Focus on the item rather than how it was made

26
Q

Structural functionalism

A

Durkheim and parsons
the belief that instution that work together help to make everyone happy
Family, religions, schools, etc.
Macrotheory

Durkheim believed that society functions the way it should
We thrive off social interactions
Because society works, that means we are doing it properly
Parsons said that social behaviour is an entity
If something exists, it’s from something good
Society exist as one behaviour

26
Q

Feminist sociology

A

Patriarchial: male dominated
Feminism wants instutions to have less male power

26
Q

Dorothy smith

A

feminist sociology
Believed that society favored men, everything society does is to benefit men

26
Q

Social stratification

A

social layes
1. material
2. money
3. power
4. prestige
5. relationships (holds everything like a pyramid)

26
Q

Ascribed

A

attributes you are born with and cannot get rid of

26
Q

Achieved

A

Attributes you are given/earned, controlled

26
Q

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore

A

Recognized people inhertited different traits
Talent does not equate to one’s work
People require motivation
People who work minimum wage jobs are unmotivated

26
Q

The argument of inequality

A
  1. people need to be motivated to work the best they can
  2. motivation = reward
  3. people who get paid more than others means equality
    sociologists argue that inequality is inevitable, it needs to happen.
    More money=more power
26
Q

Ethnicity

A

Where you are from
Where your culture is from
Some ethnicities and races are linked
1. historical background (place of origin)
2. culture and food (language)
3. symbols and clothing
Can be argues that ethnicity isn’t who you are

26
Q

Racial discrimination

A

Concious - the choice of treating people unfairly
unconcious - someone take’s another person’s race into consideration without realizing it
The weight of history - can’t escape racist stereotypes
Self fullfilling prophecy - when a group of people face systemic discrimination, they can also hurt

26
Q

Model minority

A

the idea that ideal minorities are all the same
Problem because they are different
Not all racism is the same
Different groups come from different circumstances
A minority group is actually many minority groups

26
Q

Crime and deviance

A

crime=deviance, but not all deviance is crime
Informal norms: good manners, keeping secrets, dressing accordingly

26
Q

Court

A

Decide what’s legal and what’s illegal
Decide if someone is guilty or not
They decide the meaning of a law
If someone did a crime, the court can find a loophole to not arrest that person
Politics inforce laws, court interpets law

26
Q

De jure

A

officially, when you break a law, it’s official

26
Q

De facto

A

Riding a bike on side walk- can be charged for it but it’s not always the same outcome

26
Q

Becoming deviant

A

Robert W. Balch
Asked high schol students to imagine a boy being caught outside of class without a hall pass
he asked if the student was a troublemaker, hippie, or a quiet person
The class voted that the troublemaker and hippie would have to have harsher punishments
Stereotypes and bias control us, which is why we always act on them

Biggest cause of deviance= being called a deviant
When you get on someone’s bad side, they can see you as deviant
When you get called a deviant, sometimes you embrace something bas that you did beforre

26
Q

Fighting and punishing crime

A

Deterrence: punishing someone and they don’t do it again
Prevention: preventing education
reformation: you help someone learn from their lesson

26
Q

groups

A

Based on solidarity
Group of two: dyad
less personal groups: informal
Secondary group: individual’s role is measured by contribution
Virtual group: communication over a virtual platform, but you don’t know anyone personally

groups set expectations
Sanctions: formal or informal penalty or reward to ensure conformality within a group
Guidelines also establish norms

26
Q

gangs

A

Tied to antisocial and criminal purposes, but they have the same characteristics of a group
They are meant for protection
They provide identity, power, purpose, protection
They usually have a history of being discriminated against
The average age of a member of a gang is 16 years old

26
Q

Collective behaviour

A

spontanious, example: everyone panics

26
Q

Convergence theory

A

Collective theory as the most outcome

26
Q

rational decision theory

A

based on self, individual favours larger groups over smaller, less organized groups

26
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

Altruism- principle of unselfish regard, people do things because they actually mean to do good
prosocial behaviour- individual or group do care fir the welfare of ithers without getting a reward

26
Q

Conformity

A

compliance: social behaviour that is contrary to one’s own belief but is exhibited to achieve rewards

26
Q

The breaching experiments

A

Herold Garfinkel
intentional breaking of social norms and analyzed people’s reactions to the breach

26
Q

Social movements and political sociology

A

Traditional rule: run by older, wise people
Monarchy
Theocracy: government run by religious leader
Imperial republic: republic but it’s an empire
Communist republic
Democradic republic

26
Q

causes of political revolution

A

An environmental catastrophe
An outside attack by an aggressive neighbor
internal fighting
Too much economic inequality
A cultural challenge to the justification for te govenment

26
Q

How to build a nation

A

infrastructure
stable economy
transparent government
respect cultures and religions
A lack of interference

26
Q

Zero-sum view of power

A

limited amount of power to go around
Conflict theory (Karl Marx)

27
Q

Relative deprevation theory

A

When there’s a gab between what people get and what they deserve to get, and they do something about it. lack of representation. Example: women’s suffrage

27
Q

resource mobalization theory

A

Douglas McAdam
social movements from when people share grievance and are able to mobalize resources and take action

27
Q

Successful social movements

A
  1. full response: ligitament, goal achieved
  2. pre-emption: attainable, doesn’t seem ligitament
  3. co-optation: seem ligitament, not attainable
  4. Collapse: fails to give ligitamenence and not attainable, goal not met, this is the most negative, and opposite of full response
27
Q

Ferdinand toonies

A

Born in germany
two ideas
geimenschaft and gesselschaft
Schaft is unity
geimen is community, the idea that people live together and also have similar interests. gessel means society, where people live together but they may not share interests. Over time, he thinks that society will be gesselschaft because there are too many people, so it would be hard to be close with everyone

27
Q

Life course transitions

A

Sociologists have come up with different stages that people go through.
1. birth
2. education
3. labour force participation
4. dating and sexual activity
5. moving out of parents household
6. childbaring
7. co-habitation
8. marriage
9. divorce
10. death

27
Q

ADHD

A

Some people say that ADHD is overdiagnosed
There might be too much medication so doctors will over diagnose ADHD. Sociologists say that we must wait until there’s evidence to prove it

27
Q

Post war

A

people started to change after WWII
before the war, people were different
After the war:
Economy became trebulent, prices went up
Unmarried couples barely has rights
Discrimination against women went down because they took on jobs from home, and society accepted it
Contraceptions started to increase and population increased. meaning that STDs were on the rise.

This led to the increase of middle-class
- need two incomes to be stable
- they also live modestly, they can afford things without stress
- afford luxury vacations but not comfortably
- middle-class workers have specialized jobs
- own property but don’t have many investments

27
Q

Religious organizations

A

Supernatural: beyond the natural physical world
Traditions: customs passed down over time
Worship: taking part in your religion
Congregation: the people you worship with
Geography: where the religion is
Services: services offered theough organization

27
Q

7 elements of indoctrination in cults

A
  1. find someone vulnerable/in a transitional state
  2. soft sell: the candidate has an initial meeting/talk
  3. the candidate is seperated from immerse seperation
  4. You make it your mission to make yourself become close with the mem..
  5. creating as extreme enemy
  6. peer pressure: strong push to join the cult
  7. fully brainwashed the recruit into serving as sociopathic narcassist
27
Q

Who are the “three key thinkers of sociology”?

A

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber

27
Q

What is an example of secondary socialization?

A

How to properly behave in school.

27
Q

What is network sociology?

A

The study of society as an interrelated web of connections.

27
Q

What is an example of macrosociology?

A

A religious institution.

27
Q

Which sociologists popularized the study of symbolic interactionism?

A

The Chicago School

27
Q

List the four principals of positivism:

A

*Knowledge of society can be gained through scientific investigation.

*And by observing the laws that govern social stability and change.

*Scientific understanding of these laws can bring about change.

*Science can be used to build a better world.

27
Q

What are microcultures?

A

Cultures where groups can see other like-minded individuals.

28
Q

Who is Emile Durkheim?

A

He viewed humans as “social creatures,” who define themselves by their social interactions.

29
Q

Who was Max Weber?

A

A sociologist who argued that people could free themselves from the capitalist system through bureaucracy instead of revolution.

30
Q

Who argued that in addition to economic inequalities, there were inequalities of political power and social structure that caused conflict?

A

Max Weber

31
Q

What are ascribed bases of stratification?

A

Attributes that you’re born with, and that society judges you upon.

32
Q

What are the three features of ethnicity?

A

1.A historical narrative, generally associated with a place of origin.

2.Cultural customs, such as food, holiday celebrations, a language.

3.Symbols and distinctive styles of dress.

33
Q

The argument of inequality:

A

What is the argument that suggests?:

1.People need to be motivated to work hard and to take the jobs they’re best suited for.

2.Motivation means reward . . . and the real possibility of having significantly more or less reward.

3.Because there need to be people who are rewarded more than others, there needs to be inequality.

34
Q

What is Emile Durkheim’s belief on religion’s function?

A

Religion must: 1. serve a function in society, 2. must do something to help people work together happily and productively.

35
Q

List the seven steps (in order) of joining a cult:

A
  1. Finding someone who is in a vulnerable or transitional state (at a crossroads in their life).

**2. Soft sell: The candidate has an initial meeting or talk with the recruiters.

    1. The candidate is immersed into a new reality and separated from outside influences (ex. no television, movies, contact with friends, etc.)
  1. The candidate’s #1 relationship is with the cult leader.

*5. The cult creates an external enemy.

*6. The candidate experiences peer pressure (ex. a strong push to become part of the cult).

  • *7. The new member is brainwashed into serving a sociopathic narcissist.
36
Q

What is convergence theory?

A

The theory that collective action as the most common outcome.

37
Q

What is an example of preemption?

A

Using 123movies/putlockers/torrents to download movies.

37
Q

List the 5 causes of revolutions:

A

*An environmental catastrophe, like a drought or natural disaster (for example, the Rapanui of Easter Island who ran short of resources and fell into disastrous conflict with each other)

*An outside attack by an aggressive neighbor (for example, European nations in the Second World War)

*Internal fighting or disorganization among the people in the government (for example, the American Civil War)

*Too much economic inequality, which can cause the have-nots to rise up and take over (for example, the French Revolution)

*A cultural challenge to the justification for the system of government (for example, the Russian Revolution)

38
Q

What is compliance?

A

Social behaviour that is contrary to one’s own beliefs but is exhibited to achieve rewards and avoid punishments.

39
Q

What are life-course transitions?

A

Points at which people transition from one stage of life to the next.

40
Q

What is an example of a breaching experiment?

A

☠ ☮ ☯ ♤ Ω ♤ ♧ ♧ ♥ ♡ ♢ ♢ ♔ ♕ ♚ ♛ ⚜ ☄ ☾ ☽ ☼ ☀ ☁ ☂ ☃ ☻ ☺ ☹ ۞ ۩

41
Q

What is the final stage in the life-course transition?

A

Death

41
Q

What is cohabitation?

A

Moving in with a romantic partner.

42
Q

What is the 8th life-course transition?

A

Marriage

43
Q

List the life-course transitions (in order)

A

✓ Birth

✓ Completing stages of education (grade school, high school, college, grad

school)

✓ The beginning of labor-force participation (in other words, getting a job)

✓ The start of dating and sexual activity

✓ Moving out of one’s parents’ household

✓ Childbearing

✓ Cohabitation (moving in with a romantic partner)

✓ Marriage
✓ Divorce
✓ Death

grade 11 (19 decks)

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