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grade 11 > Anthropology test #2 > Flashcards

Anthropology test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of the past, when an where things come from

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2
Q

Artifacts

A

things used by humanity (us and our ancestors)

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3
Q

Features

A

Burn marks, stains

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4
Q

Sites

A

The location where you find artifacts

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5
Q

Statigraphy

A

The study of rocks and its layers

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5
Q

Dating

A

Chronology is where it started, the study of time and events in time

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6
Q

Uniformatarianism

A

No a lot of change in the layers of things

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7
Q

Superposition

A

geological layers were diposited, layers changed (rocks)

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8
Q

Strata

A

Indivisual layers of rocks

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9
Q

Stategraphic sequence

A

sequence of layers in rocks

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10
Q

Relative Dating

A

dating things in comparison of other things (estimate)

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11
Q

Provenience

A

Indicating time, tracking data and time

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12
Q

Radio carbon dating

A

Dating living things with carbon (current)

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12
Q

Christian Thomson

A

He identified the three age system:
1. stone age
2. bronze age
3. Iron age
He discovered these ages uding strata, and he used relative dating

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13
Q

K-ar dating

A

Dating with rocks (100,000-1B years)

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14
Q

Site Groids

A

Each hole in archaeologist sites are in squares. Its easier to keep track of everything and its location

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15
Q

Benchmark

A

Proving something was there

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16
Q

Igneous stones

A

stones that were near a volcano, can be very sharp

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17
Q

Sedimentary stones

A

sand stone, flint, good for scraping

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18
Q

Metamorphic stones

A

Altered by heat

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19
Q

Human origin

A

All our ancestors are from Africa
Humans are hominid, right side up (Homosapiens are the only hominids alive)
hominids have been alive for 6 million years
Footprints were found in Tanzania that suggested hominids have been alive for a long time

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20
Q

Bipedalism

A

Using legs to walk on instead of hands too
originated from 5 million years ago in a forested area.
Pros:
- Efficiency: less exhausting to walk with
- Carrying capacity: hands can be used to carry things while legs can be used for transportation
- Improve sight: seeing everything, including predators
- body cooling: less energy is used, meaning body can be colder
- Climing ability: you can climb with your arms (can be a con)
Con:
- Speed and agility: less fast and agile

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21
Q

The aquatic ape theory

A

proven false
Alister Hardy thought that early hominids developed bypedalism by spending a lot of time in the water
He also thought that humans would have their heads above water since we need oxygen, which is how we are using our legs
This is proven false since there is no evidence, and if we were to evolve from sea animals like crocodiles, we would look very different

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22
Q

Australopithecines

A

Found in South Africa (1-4 million years ago)
Humans lived with them, and they may have bred with them
They were also bypedal
Encephalization- their brains were slightly larger than their body size
Canine reduction: smaller canine teeth
Moderate body size, moderate sexual demorphism

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23
Q

Homo Habilis (Early homo species)

A

2 million years ago (African)
very large brains (meaning they had bigger appetites
light facial structure (less chewinf required)
Full modern hands
Left Africa with the Australopithecines a million years ago
Their stone tools were found from 1.9 million years ago in Wushan cave site in China

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24
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Stood up straight
lived at the same time as Australopithecines
Very large brains (bigger appetite)
Small teeth
large body size
Heavy reliance on tools
Wide geographical distribution (Asia, Europe)
Used fire to cook, keep warm (evidence in spain and china, theres stains in caves)
Water craft (used water for making tools and traveling

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25
Q

Homo sapiens sapiens

A

Anatomical modernity Homo sapiens sapiens (AMHss)
Differenciated from Archaic homo sapiens (AHs)
Bigger face than humans
Less chewing stress
Smaller brain cases
Distinct chin (chin sticks out)
behaviour modernity
Symbolism
Complex language

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26
Q

AMHss

A

Herto, Euthiopia (150 000 years ago)
Middle east (100 000 years ago)
China, Australia (50 000 years ago)
South Eastern Europe (40 000 years ago)
Americas (14 000 year ago)
Arctic/pacific (3000 years ago)

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27
Q

Neanderthals

A

Germany in 1856
Hunted by humans
Intermixed with early humans
Vocal tracks were higher
Large nasal cavity
Lived in Europe and near east
Simple stone tools

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28
Q

Multiregional continuity theory

A

all hominids evolved into homo sapiens sapiens

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29
Q

Replacement theory

A

Neanderthals were “replaced” when they encounter AMH

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30
Q

Migration

A

Resource exploration: moving for resources
Social fission: moving to another place to avoid conflict

Incidental migration: colonization of australasia (Lake mongo skeleton was dated to 60 000 years ago, proof of the colonization from tools and art)

Colonization of the new world: Ice-free corridor hypothesis, coastal migration hypothesis

Colonization of the arctic: colonized recently, kayaks, sleds, igloos

Colonization of the pacific: there was double-voyaging canoes that can 100 people, pottery for cooking, fish hooks

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31
Q

Farming

A

Domestication:
Cultural selection: breeding plants and animals
Humans pick
Not all animals are domesticated
Animals that can be domesticated: good disposition towards humans, short life-span, and flexible diet

Larger scale than horticulture
intensified
systematized
economically integrated
commodities (value and shared)

Tools: ovens, axes, pottery, bridles, yokes, pens
Secondary tools: fibres, milk, blood

People farmed because:
vitalist group of theories (humans always wanted to improve)
Population group of theories (how to live better)
Climate change group of theories (domestication was near the equator because of warmer climate)

New world domestication: wild grass domesticated to corn (south American), llamas and donkeys, beans and squash, condiments, potatoes

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32
Q

Horticulture

A

Before farming
Preceded farming
Domesticated plants
Digging sticks rather than plows

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33
Q

Research methods of human culture

A

find informants that are reliable
interviews
unstructured
semi-structured or structured
photographs and mapping

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34
Q

Human culture

A

Culture = abstract
Cultures contain some other cultures
culture constantly changes
cultures cause conflicts (different ideas)
ecological determinism: culture directly reflects their physical environment
Encounters with other cultures
Internal culture: cultures can also change internally by themselves so that over time they differ from other cultures

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35
Q

Culture universals

A

Communication, ethical/justice system, right and responsibility to people (age and gender), mythos/idealogy, family structure, sexual regulations, food preference
Objects: material culture (wedding dresses, clay)

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36
Q

Diffusion vs. assimilation

A

Diffusion: sharing of ideas from another population
Border diffusion: sharing ideas with people on the other side of the border
Assimilation: being taken over, the population is being taken over by other populations (culture)
Innovation: new association of ideas, happens in anything, it changes culture when it’s stable

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37
Q

Cultural relavatism

A

The idea that different people have different cultural and ideas of food. Absolute cultural relavatism: having to understand the culture without critisizing it
Critiquing cultures relevatism: critizing and understanding a culture

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38
Q

Functional theory

A

Herbert spencer and Emile Dortherne think that all cultures are interconnected, if something is changed, it would change society

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39
Q

Structural functionalism

A

AR Raddcliff-Brown thinks that individuals don’t matter as society, because culture is maintained by instututions. Relationships matter more since individuals are replaceable and no one matters as much

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39
Q

Branislave Malinouski

A

Individuals together is what keeps society together. Individuals are the most important part of society because they make the choices, not corporations/instututions

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40
Q

Cultural materialism

A

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel
Societies go through different phases:
Tribalism, feudalism, capitalism, communism
Infrastructure (base): how systems interact with environment
Structure: governments
Superstructure: ideology
Bank (Infrastructure), money (governments), moving money (superstructure)

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41
Q

Feminism Anthropology

A

Reduce male bias in everything
Hortense Powdermaker: looked at women’s reproduction in Melanesia

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42
Q

Post modernism

A

Nothing is the truth

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43
Q

Michel Foucault

A
  1. languages are important for existence
  2. literaly analysis appliance
  3. question everything
  4. critique of metanarratives
  5. argue against method and evaluation
  6. focus on power relations and hegemony
  7. question everything in the west (knowledge)
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44
Q

Communication

A

Chemical (phermones), audio (sounds, languages), visual (eyes ir light sensing urges)

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45
Q

Language

A

2 million - 100,000 years ago, proven from symbolic artifacts and the hyoid bone. “The size of the hypoglosseal canal”

46
Q

Edward Sapir

A

American anthropologist-linguist
Studies ways which language and culture are connected

47
Q

The Sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

Language shapes our culture, if something isn’t part of the language, it isn’t part of the culture.
There can be more than one word for something
problem: is it language or culture than influences the other?

48
Q

Historical linguistics

A

study of language in a historical sense

48
Q

Structural linguistics

A

Ferdinand De Saussure thinks that language buried on signs (the signified and the signifier)

49
Q

Body language

A

gestures differ culture to culture

50
Q

Supernatural world

A

A world beyond where we live in.

50
Q

Religion

A

Includes:
a supernatural world
interaction with the afterlife
Proper behaviour (how to live in a material world to prepare)

50
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

focuses on dialect, slang. emphasis on the way language maintains a social role

51
Q

Functions of religion

A
  1. explains the unknown, makes the “impossible” possible
  2. Social unity
  3. comfort
  4. provides bedrock principles
  5. Guides people through the stages of life
52
Q

Priests

A

They don’t have access to the supernatural world but they lead people with objects like books and wine

52
Q

The origin of religion

A

Explanatory/rational origins (Islam, christianity, judiasm)
Self-actualizing origins: people wanting to achieve potential (buddism)
Social control bias: controlling people (North Korea)

52
Q

Shamans

A

Someone with a supernatural power that allows them to be in a supernatural world

53
Q

Rite of passage

A

Pat of a ceremony or ritual
1. segregation: individual is removed from status
2. Transition: becoming a new self
3. Incorporation/reintegration: giving up something to become a new self

54
Q

Disaster

A

Over-population (used to be 5M 100,000 years ago)
4000 years ago was the first civilization

54
Q

Types of religion

A

Shamanic: not an actual instutution or religion, but type of religion
Communal
Olympic (pagans, Greek gods)
Monotheistic/ecclesiastic

55
Q

Politics

A

Society used to be religious, barely political
1. leadership selection: someone who has a lot of power
2. Applying power: the person applies power on people
3. Conflict/revolution: solve conflicts
4. relations with neighbors: be friends to not be at war

As people go through the civilization process the government becomes less religious and more political

56
Q

Thomas Malthes

A

Studies populations
He said populations expand geometrically (double)
Food expands erithmatically (limited)
Populations are limited from a lack of food

57
Q

JK Smail

A

1900’s, 200 years later
Disagrees with thomas
he said that by 2050, population would be 20B, meaning we would suffer
His theory: The reason why we overpopulate: medicine and agriculture
We need to prioratize overpopulation

58
Q

Famine

A

food shortage
living in famine if you eat less than 1000 calories daily
naturally occuring
Politically
Hunter-gatherers hunted and only took what they needed, so there was no famine

59
Q

Space debris/degree

A

we are overdue of a comet hitting us
We might go to Mars since Earth is dying out
Steven Hawkin brought up the idea of colonizing Mars
Carl Saga said that our planet will not be liveable. he called humans two-planet species

60
Q

Young Dryas Impact

A

200,000 years ago
A comet that caused 99% of living things to go extinct (including humans)
Mass extinction event
Comet hits the planet, breaks into pieces, the whole planet’s temperature drops over less than 100 years (a lot below than average temperature)
slow and cold death
eventually ice melts, causing floods and even more things die
Some humans survived, we are descendants of them
This ice age lasted 1300 years

60
Q

ice men

A

A case study “ice men” (molecular anthropology)
Myochondrial DNA (mtDNA): DNA passed from mother
Y-chromosome DNA: Father to son
DNA sequencing studies
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) - useful for tracking populations
Some populations have the same genetics. Humans share 99% of the same DNA with Neanderthals
New theory: humans and Neanderthals are descendants from homoerectus from 3000 years ago
A frozen corpse in Italy was discovered (ice man)
He had a stone knife, 5000 it died, and it had blood on it, meaning there was conflict between humans
DNA taken from genetals showed that he was infertile
mtDNA- his mother’s ancestors came from Europe 30,000 years ago
Most Europeans share the same DNA with the Ice man

60
Q

human molars

A

2 1 2 3
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars

61
Q

new world monkey molars

A

2 1 3 3
2 incisors
1 canine
3 premolars
3 molars

62
Q

skulls

A

Homo:
homo habilis
homo erectus
homo sapiens sapiens
homo sapiens neanderthals

Robust australopithecines:
Australopithecus robustus
australopithecus boisei
australopethecus aetheopicus

gracile australopithecines:
australopethecus africanas
australopethecus afarensis

63
Q

civilization

A

people coming together to form a society with certain structures (architecture)

63
Q

social organization

A

started off in ands, relativly small groups of people that travelled, egalitarian in nature, they were all equal

tribes, were a bit larger, travelled less, specialized roles

chiefdoms, relied on hordiculture, ruled by someone from the royal bloodline

stats/civilizationd, categorized people into 3 classes (upper, middle, lower), don’t travel, farming

64
Q

Characteristics of a civilization

A

urbanization: concentrate populations in a certain area (results in the growing of cities)

Long distance trade

Social stratification: division of the population based on socio-economic status (commoners), farming

Keeping records/writing

Armies/warfare: a standing army (military already available). Happens for materialism, expansion, food

Money: moving away from trading (introduction of coins). old systems, sumerians: first form of currency were shells, aztects: used beans as cacao beans

Slavery

temtonal sovergnity: independence, not relying on other civilization

vassal tribute: collect tribite from conquered people like taxes

Non food production specialists

astronomy, mathematics

Architecture

State religion

taxes

65
Q

Adaptation

A

learning how to live somewhere
example: after humans migrated outside of africa, they were exposed to less sunlight, decreasing the melanin, meaning skin colour and birth rates dropped

65
Q

charles darwin

A

outlined how everything evolves through natural selection
variation: every species has variety
heritability: individuals pass on traits to their offspring
environmental fitness: better adapted to environment will produce more offspring

66
Q

bipedalism

A

The process of walking on two legs

67
Q

tooth pattern

A

Recorded in 4 slots of numbers representing the 4 categories of teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars

68
Q

the Aquatic Ape Theory

A

The hypothesis that early hominids developed bipedalism by spending a lot of their time in bodies of water.

69
Q

polyandry

A

A form of marriage with multiple husbands

70
Q

globalization

A

A worldwide process of increasing cultural interaction.

70
Q

Clyde Kluckhohn

A

The anthropologist that published a work that compared anthropology to a mirror.

71
Q

Christian Thomsen

A

An archaeologists who developed the three-age system.

72
Q

functional theory

A

A theory that argues that cultures are interrelated rather than isolated.

73
Q

the Younger Dryas

A

An event that resulted in the destruction of most life on earth, occurring 12,600 years ago.

74
Q

antiquarianism

A

A movement associated with the obsession of large-scale artifacts

75
Q

mimetic consciousness

A

A type of thinking based on mimicking another individual.

76
Q

Where did the Neanderthals live?

A

They lived in Europe and Near East 300,000 to 30,000 years ago.

77
Q

What is an example of an Olympian religion?

A

The ancient Greek religion

78
Q

What is an example of globalization?

A

Cotton grown in the U.S. is often shipped
to other countries (such as Honduras), assembled into garments there, and then shipped back to the U.S. and sold in American stores; this situation has economic effects (and therefore cultural effects) on each society here, and what one culture does has effects on the other.

79
Q

emic perspective

A

Focuses on how the people being observed think rather than how the cultural anthropologist may think.

80
Q

What is one of the candidacies for domestication?

A

A relatively good disposition toward humans.

81
Q

groupthink

A

A phenomenon that suppresses individuality (implicitly and/or explicitly) and promotes using a rigid and uncompromising way of thinking (defined by the conflict group) for all decision-making.

82
Q

Ice Man

A

A well-preserved human who was 700 years dead when the first stones of the great pyramids of Egypt were just being laid.

83
Q

What occurred 300,000 years ago?

A

The divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans.

84
Q

What is the primary goal of archaeology?

A

The establishment of
Chronologies
Spatial understanding
Understand evolution of culture

85
Q

What is one of the characteristics of a biped?

A

Lateral and transverse arches built into the foot so that we aren’t flat- footed but supported by three main points of contact (the heel and under the big and small toes) in a stable, tripod-like structure.

86
Q

What is an Early Homo?

A

A hominid that lacked a sagittal crest.

87
Q

What is the hypothesis that argues that language labels our reality and shapes our cultural reality?

A

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

88
Q

Clyde Kluckhohn

A

The anthropologist that published a work that compared anthropology to a mirror.

89
Q

Jane Goodall

A

an English primatologist and anthropologist.She is considered the world’s foremost expert on chimpanzees

90
Q

Bipedalism

A

Using legs to walk on instead of hands too
originated from 5 million years ago in a forested area.
Pros:
- Efficiency: less exhausting to walk with
- Carrying capacity: hands can be used to carry things while legs can be used for transportation
- Improve sight: seeing everything, including predators
- body cooling: less energy is used, meaning body can be colder
- Climbing ability: you can climb with your arms (can be a con)
Con:
- Speed and agility: less fast and agile

91
Q

Younger Dryas

A

An event that resulted in the destruction of most life on earth, occurring 12,600 years ago.

92
Q

Charles Darwin

A

outlined how everything evolves through natural selection
variation: every species has variety
heritability: individuals pass on traits to their offspring
environmental fitness: better adapted to environment will produce more offspring

93
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Stood up straight
lived at the same time as Australopithecines
Very large brains (bigger appetite)
Small teeth
large body size
Heavy reliance on tools
Wide geographical distribution (Asia, Europe)
Used fire to cook, keep warm (evidence in spain and china, theres stains in caves)
Water craft (used water for making tools and traveling

94
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel
Societies go through different phases:
Tribalism, feudalism, capitalism, communism
Infrastructure (base): how systems interact with environment
Structure: governments
Superstructure: ideology
Bank (Infrastructure), money (governments), moving money (superstructure)

95
Q

Urbanization

A

concentrate populations in a certain area (results in the growing of cities)

96
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

A

useful for tracking populations
Some populations have the same genetics. Humans share 99% of the same DNA with Neanderthals

97
Q

Domestication

A

Cultural selection: breeding plants and animals
Humans pick
Not all animals are domesticated
Animals that can be domesticated: good disposition towards humans, short life-span, and flexible diet

98
Q

Ferdinand De Saussure

A

Structural linguistics
thinks that language buried on signs (the signified and the signifier)

99
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

AR Raddcliff-Brown thinks that individuals don’t matter as society, because culture is maintained by instututions. Relationships matter more since individuals are replaceable and no one matters as much

100
Q

Mitochondrial
DNA (mDNA)

A

DNA passed from mother
Ice man’sDNA showed that mother’s ancestors came from Europe 30,000 years ago

101
Q

Neanderthals

A

Germany in 1856
Hunted by humans
Intermixed with early humans
Vocal tracks were higher
Large nasal cavity
Lived in Europe and near east
Simple stone tools

102
Q

Rite of passage

A

Pat of a ceremony or ritual
1. segregation: individual is removed from status
2. Transition: becoming a new self
3. Incorporation/reintegration: giving up something to become a new self

103
Q

Explain how humans could survive if another Younger Dryas-like event
occurred. How can the study of anthropology prepare humanity for a potential apocalyptic event? Provide six pieces of specific evidence to defend your
argument.

A
  • we would know around the time a comet would hit us so we would prepare
  • Move to Mars since it’s liveable and Earth is dying out anyways
  • Moving somewhere like a bunker can protect you from pieces of the comet and an apocalyptic event
  • Saving food and water could help to stay inside for a long time
  • Weapons could help during the apocalyptic event
  • Communication in the radio across the world helps to get information on what’s happening
104
Q

Explain the connection between adaptive traits (adaptation) and natural selection. Provide six pieces of specific evidence to defend your argument

A

Adaptation is learning how to live somewhere
example: after humans migrated outside of africa, they were exposed to less sunlight, decreasing the melanin, meaning skin colour and birth rates dropped
This has to do with the place you live in and the environment
Natural selection depends on the parents that pass their traits to the couple. Adaptive traits affect natural selection.

105
Q

Why did humanity take up farming? How did farming impact humanity’s growth? Provide six pieces of specific evidence to defend your argument.

A

Humans took up farming after accidentaly growing fruits and vegetables from seeds that dropped on the ground. From there, foods were grown. Animals were also used for farming from experiment. Tools provided even more accessibility to farming. Since farming is easier near the equator, people living there gained results for their experiments.

grade 11 (19 decks)

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