history

Question 1

prehistory

Answer 1

Term used to describe the time period when early human societies did not leave written records; before script.

Question 2

Mesopotamia

Answer 2

• “Land between the rivers” due to its position surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates River in present-day Iraq.
• It started to abandon nomadic lifestyle and form permanent settlements. Changes were revolutionary: codified laws, concept of kingship, built places to worship Gods, writing, invention of the wheel.
• polytheistic (belief in many Gods) religion comprising some 3600 various Gods and demigods.
• Natural leeves: embankments produced by build-up of sediment over 1000 years of flooding, Create a high and safe flood plain, Provides protect, Surrounding swamps were full of fish and water animals, Reeds provided food for sheep/goats and used as building resources, Desert and swamps however made it difficult for city-states in Mesopotamia to be/remain unified

Question 3

Paleolithic

Answer 3

Greek paleo means “old” = 50,000-10,000 years ago

Question 4

Neolithic

Answer 4

Greek neo means “new” = Neolithic revolution occurred between 9000-4000 BCE. Possible causes for the neolithic revolution: Accidental by-product of social gatherings: wild plants consumed, seeds drop, grow and create cycle of unintended cultivation. Climate change/stress. Intellectual advances in humans causing them to want to settle down. Population pressure. Shifted to farming to allow elders and children to be involved in food production process

Question 5

Cuneiform

Answer 5

Initially used as a way of tracking trade across far distances. It spread across the region and was used for approx. 3,000 years. It doesn’t use letters but rather characters to represent syllables. Other signs stood for whole words (ie. bread, water, day, hand, head).

Question 6

The Fertile Crescent

Answer 6

The fertile crescent: referred to as “the cradle of civilization” is the crescent-shaped region in Western Asia and North Africa that spans the modern-day countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and , for some scholars, Egypt

Question 7

Ziggurat

Answer 7

Large temples dedicated to the Gods of the city. They also serves as a place to store grain and to escape to when there was flooding. It’s made of layer upon layer of mud bricks in the shape of a pyramid in many tiers.

Question 8

Ushabti/Shabti

Answer 8

small carved funeral figures were placed in the tomb as deputies, so that they could carry out all the deceased’s agricultural duties in the afterlife.

Question 9

ka

Answer 9

The ka remained in the heart
until death, when spirit and
body separated.

Question 10

ba

Answer 10

Entered the body at birth and left it at death. It was like the personality or character of the individual.

Question 11

Ma’at

Answer 11

personified the foundations of Egyptian law—truthfulness, righteousness and justice. According to Ma’at, the goal was for people to find and maintain balance and order within the universe.
She was the goddess of order, truth and justice—qualities the Egyptians believed were put in the world at the time of creation.

Question 12

Hieroglyphs

Answer 12

Originally a collection of picture signs
Possibly borrowed from the Mesopotamians
Each pictogram was designed to represent an entire word or idea
More than 600-700 signs in use during the new Kingdom
The vast majority represent sounds more than objects
Difficult to translate because there were no vowels, punctuation, spaces, or artistic arrangements
Demotic: simpler version of the language. It was easier and faster to write, used for recordkeeping

Question 13

Mastaba

Answer 13

Oblong tombs

Question 14

Step Pyramid

Answer 14

Mastabas stacked on top of each other
Built for King Djoser
The burial chamber of the king remained underground
Largest stone structure in the world

Question 15

Canopic jars

Answer 15

The jars were named after the four sons of Horus. Into them were placed the lungs, the stomach, the liver and the intestines.

Question 16

Triremes

Answer 16

• were fast, maneuverable Greek warships that were powered by three banks of oars and armed with a bronze ram
• Ancient Greek warship, named for their three tiers of oars; the fastest and deadliest ships in the ancient world

Question 17

The Parthenon

Answer 17

The purpose of the Parthenon is to built a building that will show humans and Gods side by side, which has never been done before. It’s a shrine to Athena and a testemant to the Athenians. It’s also to showcase the power of the city.
The building has a drawing of humans and God being side by side, which has never been done before. The building also has unique domes. The building was also on a slight curve, and the way the building to made is to make it look like it’s straight from far away. The parthenon is still very stable.

Question 18

Hoplite

Answer 18

carried large round shields, spears and swords, and were organized in a phalanx formation
Sparta, on the other hand, had a formidable land army of disciplined professional soldiers (hoplites)
the citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states armed with spears and shields; they used the phalanx formation

Question 19

Phalanx

Answer 19

formation whereby each man’s shield protected both himself and his neighbour in a wall of bronze
a tactical military formation that consisted of a block of heavily armed soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder in files several ranks deep with their spears or pikes pointed out

Question 20

The Trojan Horse

Answer 20

hen, the ingenious and resourceful general, Odysseus, offered a solution—the Trojan Horse! The Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse as an offering to the city of Troy. They removed their boats from the shore to make it appear as though they had left the area, and left this massive horse for the Trojans, who were happy and relieved that the Greeks had departed…or so they thought…
The Trojans brought the horse into the city and began celebrating their perceived victory. During the night however, when everyone was drunk and tired, the Greeks emerged from the horse, slaughtered the Trojans, desecrated temples, and stole gold and gifts from the wealthy city. Now these acts were enough to earn the wrath of the gods, so few Greeks managed to return to Greece without any problems of their own.

Question 21

The Delian League

Answer 21

a confederacy of Greek city-states led by Athens
ts purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece

Question 22

The Peloponnesian League

Answer 22

an alliance of ancient Greek city-states, dominated by Sparta and centered on the Peloponnese, which lasted from c.550 to 366 BC. It was one of the two rivals in the Peloponnesian War, against the Delian League, which was dominated by Athens. The modern name of the Peloponnesian League is inaccurate because there were members outside the Peloponnese, and it was not really a league

Question 23

The Sacred Band of Thebes

Answer 23

“Thebes, stood up to the military might of Sparta…They created an elite corps of three hundred soldiers, known as the Sacred Band of Thebes, comprising of 150 pairs of male lovers who fought side-by-side in the name of freedom.” (Flynn)
The Sacred Band of Thebes “was the first professional standing army funded by the state in Greek history” and was “founded on the principle that men so intimately devoted to one another would fight as a cohesive unit.” (Flynn)
“The Thebans considered the emotional bond between the men to be ‘sacred’, in reference to the sacred vows that male Theban lovers would make to each other at the shrine of Iolaus, the mythological lover of the hero Hercules.” (Flynn)
“An elite corps of male lovers was unique to Greek history, but homosexual relationships were commonplace.” (Flynn)
Formed in 379 BCE, the Sacred Band of Thebes was founded to protect a federation of cities led by Thebes.
They played a pivotal role in defeating the Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE and helped to usher in a decade of Theban supremacy.
This devastating defeat marked the first time in three centuries that a Spartan army had been defeated and it helped change the geopolitical landscape forever—the Spartans were not indestructible and could be beaten
This Theban victory emboldened neighbour states to break away from the Peloponnesian League; Sparta never rose again to its former heights.

Question 24

Ostracism

Answer 24

ridding Athens of any citizen who might be getting too powerful and potentially become another tyrant. That person would be exiled, along with their family for 10 years.

Question 25

The Assembly

Answer 25

Meetings were held 40 times a year on a hillside auditorium called the Pnyx
Any member of the voting public- the demos- was welcome to attend the meetings; however usually only about 5,000 members attended each session as the others were serving in the army or navy or working

Question 26

The Colosseum

Answer 26

The Colosseum was the second and largest permanent amphitheatre built within the city of Rome.
The Colosseum was used for various blood sports, including animal hunts, prisoner executions, and gladiatorial combat.

Question 27

SPQR

Answer 27

The senate and people of rome (SPQR)
Suppose to represent harmony of the senate and the people
Emblematic abbreviated phrase referring to the government of the Roman republic
Appears on document. Monuments and even some Roman currency

Question 28

The Senate

Answer 28

he council of men who controlled most of the land; initially had advised and supported the kings of Rome
The Senate and assemblies worked together to:
Appoint executive officials called magistrates
Enact laws
Increase Rome’s territorial holdings throughout the Italian peninsula
The Senate represented the Roman aristocracy (the patricians).

Question 29

Consul

Answer 29

Two elected members of the Senate who were the chief magistrates; elected annually; had the power to veto (“forbid”) the decisions of the other thereby acting as a check against any abuse of power.
Two consuls replaced the former role of the king.
Consuls were primarily generals whose task it was to lead Rome’s armies in war.
In times of crisis, consuls would be replaced by dictators (War)

Question 30

Dictator

Answer 30

During times of military emergency, Rome appointed a dictator
held supreme military command for a maximum of 6 months during times of war
( took place of consuls)
Rome republic civil position

Question 31

The Baths

Answer 31

A unique physical and social institution
Resort-like spas with mosaics, marble walls
Used for cleaning, but also reading, lounging, socializing and as art galleries

Question 32

Gladiator

Answer 32

An ancient professional fighter who usually specialised with particular weapons and types of armour.
They fought before the public in hugely popular organised games held in large purpose-built arenas throughout the Roman Empire from 105 BCE to 404 CE (official contests).
the majority of fighters were slaves, former slaves or condemned prisoners
Introduced to rome in 264 BC

Question 33

The Crusades

Answer 33

a series of wars fought in the Middles Ages organized by Christian powers to try and retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Question 34

Tithes

Answer 34

religious tax - % of income to the church

Question 35

Indulgences

Answer 35

Pay a fee to lessen the length of time in purgatory

Question 36

Relics

Answer 36

another source of income; clerics would sell ‘splinter’s from Jesus’ cross’, a vial of water from the Holy land, tears (or fingers and toes) of saints for good luck and keep bad fortune at bay

Question 37

Hammurabi

Answer 37

Hammurabi’s code: Developed by Babylonian King Hammurabi who established Babylon as the leading power in Mesopotamia after conquering Akkad and Assyria. His legal code was inscribed on a stone pillar set up in public for all to see. Being clearly displayed and written out meant they were a consistent body of laws. Punishments were designed to fit the crimes and provide retribution for the crimes committed. Hammurabi’s code is the origin of the concept, ‘eye for an eye’, ‘tooth for a tooth’. The consequences of these laws depended on who committed the crime. Nobility faced more lenient punishments than those of the lower class.

Question 38

Imhotep

Answer 38

• First individual (non-ruler) to have his life recorded
• founder of the Egyptian system of medicine.
• Also an architect who designed and constructed the first stone building and pyramid.
• His creation of the first monumental piece was made to hold essence of the life of the pharoah, and not just his remains.
• Considered a genius
• “The chancellor of the king of lower Egypt, the first after the king of Upper Egypt, administrator of the Great Palace, hereditary lord, The High priest of Heliopolis”
• Made the step pyramids for Pharoah Djoser

Question 39

Khufu

Answer 39

was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty in the first half of the Old Kingdom period

Question 40

Hatshepsut

Answer 40

• She is linked to Pharaoh Ahmose, founder of the 18th dynasty, who had driven out the Hyksos invaders who had ruled Egypt for approximately 150-200 years
• Hatshepsut was the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose I and his Great Royal Wife, Queen Ahmose
• She married her halfbrother, Thutmose II, whose mother was a secondary wife of Thutmose I, becoming queen at age 12
• Together they had a daughter, Neferure, but no son so when Thutmose II died (likely in his 20s), the throne went to his infant son, Thutmose III, his child from a secondary wife
• After her husband’s death, Hatshepsut acted as regent for her stepson/nephew for the first few years as was customary
• New Kingdom practice for widowed queens But by the 7th year of her regency (possibly earlier) Hatshepsut began proclaiming herself king, performing royal functions like making offerings to the gods, commissioning obelisks, and portraying herself as a “full-blown, flail-and-crookwielding king, with the broad, bare chest of a man and the pharaonic false beard.” (Wilson)
• She ruled for a total of 21 years She took a new name, “Maatkare” (Truth is the Soul of the Sun God), likely because “maintaining and perpetuating ma’at was to ensure the prosperity and stability of the country”
• During Thutmose III’s reign, 20 years after Hatshepsut’s death, there was a thorough and deliberate attempt to destroy all images of Hatshepsut portrayed as king

Question 41

Akhenaten

Answer 41

• Akhenaten has been portrayed as a “proto-Christian”, a “peace-loving environmentalist”, and a “totalitarian dictator.”
• “his image was embraced with equal enthusiasm by both the Nazis and the Afrocentrist movement” which seeks to research and educate based on the perspective of historical African people and to take a critical stance on Eurocentric myths about world history.
• His religious reforms led to an outpouring of art and sculpture that glorified Aten but also angered many Egyptians
• Akhenaten’s break with Egyptian tradition can also be seen in the way that he himself was portrayed in art.
• Unlike other pharaohs who insisted on idealized representations of themselves, Akhenaten is portrayed with a slight-pot belly, an oddly shaped head, and wider hips.

Question 42

Howard Carter

Answer 42

• famous for discovering Tutankhamun’s tomb, found Hatshepsut’s empty sarcophagus in 1907 in the tomb, KV20 in the Valley of the Kings
  could not have done so without the financial backing of George Herbert, the 5th Earl of Carnarvon, nor the extensive team of Egyptian workers, including two Egyptian foremen, Gad Hassan and Ahmed Gerigas
• By 1922, after 5 years of a fruitless search, with money and patience dwindling, Carnarvon agreed to finance Carter for just one more season of field work.
• In just a few short months, Carnarvon received a telegram from Carter, asking him to return to Egypt as soon as possible: “At least have made wonderful discovery in the Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact”
• He used to be an artist that didn’t make a lot of money. He started working at the age of 15, many people were impressed about his drawings, that he made it to Egypt with the opportunities received.
• He was an excavation artist. He also sold his paintings in the Winter Palace for extra money, as many rich people came in the winter to escape the cold. He became chief inspector in egyptian archaeology.

Question 43

Tutankhamun

Answer 43

• His original name was Tutankhaten, “living image of the Aten” reflected his parents’ worship of the sun god, Aten
  He (or one of his advisors, Ay) is responsible for reversing many of his father, Akhenaten’s “reforms” a few years into his reign which had been largely unpopular with the Egyptian people.
• During Tutankhamun’s reign: The capital of Thebes (moder-day Luxor) as restored (instead of Amarna), There was a return to polytheism, and the worship of Amun-Ra, after the singular worship of Aten
• No one knows for sure how Tutankhamun died and if the damage sustained to his skull happened during his lifetime or in the discovery of his tomb
• The consensus is that Tutankhamun’s reign was largely uneventful and that had it not been for the discovery of his tomb in 1922, little would be known or written about Tutankhamun.
• The fascination surrounding the discovery of Tut’s tomb has captured the public for the last 100 years and has led to Tut being seen by some as “a prop of empire”, and a “symbol of resistance and revolution” by others. (Cep, 2022)
• “The thousands of artifacts removed from [Tut’s] tomb are presented as the greatest treasures ever found, or as the spoils of an unforgivable act of colonial desecration.”
• “Depending on which source you consult, the centenary is an occasion for celebration, for apology, or, most radically, for the eradication of the field of Egyptology.”
• The sudden and unexpected death of the young pharaoh created a problem since the preparation for a pharaoh’s tomb took many years to complete
• It is therefore likely that Tutankhamun’s tomb was not his intended resting place, but that built for a member of the nobility, such as Vizier Ay, who many believe does go on to become pharaoh after Tutankhamun’s untimely death
• This may explain why Tutankhamun’s tomb lay undisturbed until its dramatic discovery in 1922 by British ‘archaeologist’, Howard Carter. It is possible that grave robbers had thought it was not important or worth the effort

Question 44

Ramses II

Answer 44

• The period of his reign considered the height of Egypt’s power and glory
  He erected more statues and monuments than any other pharaoh
  Ramses had 7-8 official wives, lesser wives and a number of concubines (official mistresses)
• His chief wife was Nefertari and if the historical record tells us anything, she was his favourite
• Nefertari and Ramses had 10 children together but allegedly he fathered more than 100 children during his lifetime
  Ramses is considered the most famous pharaoh
• Many theorize that he is the pharoah discussed in the story of Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt in the Book of Exodus
• Ramses II has been compared to the planet Jupiter, impressive from a distance but up close, just a big ball of gas!
• On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; however because of looting, his body was transferred to a holding area, re-wrapped and placed inside the tomb of queen Ahmose Inhapy, and then the tomb of the high priest Pinedjem II.
• His mummy was eventually discovered inside an ordinary wooden coffin and is now in Cairo at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization
• Analysis of Ramses’ skeleton revealed battle wounds, arthritis and poor circulation. He also likely had a hunched back for at least a decade
• Possibly had red hair? Result of the mummification process? Red hair associated with God Set
• When Ramses II ascended to the throne, he inherited a large empire that roughly encompassed modern day nation states of Israel, Lebanon, and part of Syria
• When Ramses II ascended to the throne at 14, the Hittites invaded and took over Kadesh (in modern day Syria) which was an important trading town
• Ramses commissioned hundreds of statues to be made in his name and usurped (illegally claimed) many more that were in the image of previous kings.
• Ramses had more mortuary temples built than any other Egyptian king; these temples were where the spirit of the dead king was worshipped as a god.

Question 45

Cleopatra

Answer 45

• was a Ptolemy, a family who had ruled Egypt for 10 generations and approx. 300 years
• The Ptolemies got control of Egypt after Alexander’s death as Ptolemy was one of Alexander’s most trusted generals and won control of Egypt from a rival
  The Ptolemies, although Macedonian Greek, styled themselves as Egyptians and ruled as pharaohs
• Cleopatra herself potentially had a hand in the death of three of her own siblings: her first siblinghusband, Ptolemy XIII, her second sibling-husband, Ptolemy XIV and her sister, Arsinoe, who she considered a rival for the throne
• After her father’s death, Cleopatra ruled Egypt alongside her brother, Ptolemy VIII, who was 8 years younger and likely her husband
• They quickly became enemies both vying for power and at 21, Cleopatra was trying to raise an army against Ptolemy to wrestle control of Egypt away from him
• To do so, Cleopatra joined forces with Roman general, Julius Caesar, who provided her troops to reclaim the throne from her brother.
• Caesar and Cleopatra were victorious, and she was restored to the Egyptian throne. She also bore Caesar’s son and named him, Caesarian.
• After Caesar’s death, Cleopatra aligned herself with one of the two Roman men vying for control of Rome- Mark Antony.
  Cleopatra and Mark Antony lived together in Egypt, had three children together and were preparing a plan to rule the Eastern Roman Empire.
• A year after the Battle of Actium, Octavian marched an army to extend his rule to Egypt, planning to bring Cleopatra back to Egypt as a prisoner
• Rather than face this fate, Cleopatra made the decision to commit suicide.
• The legend is that she got an asp to bite her; however, it’s more likely she used poison.
• When Octavian found out, apparently, he was both disappointed and impressed by her “lofty” spirit, seeing her death as honourable and dignified.
• Cleopatra’s death brought an end to the Roman civil wars, an end to the Ptolemaic Dynasty and in 30 BCE, Egypt became a province of Rome.
• Cleopatra was intelligent, well-educated, dynamic and spoke 9 languages
• She ruled Egypt as per Egyptian tradition and was the first Ptolemaic ruler to speak Egyptian
• She commanded an army, a navy, had diplomatic relations with foreign powers and maintained peace for approx. 18 years
• Cleopatra was also pragmatic; she knew that her position in Egypt was precarious and that she had to have the support of Rome to hold her position

Question 46

Homer

Answer 46

Greek poet born in the 8th century BC who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history.

Question 47

Pericles

Answer 47

was a prominent Greek statesman, orator, and general during the Golden Age of Athens. The period in which he led Athens, in fact, has been called the Age of Pericles due to his influence, not only on his city’s fortunes, but on the whole of Greek history during the 5th century BCE and even after his death.
He was a fierce proponent of democracy, although the form this took differed from the modern day as only male citizens of Athens could participate in politics. Even so, his reforms would lay the groundwork for the development of later democratic political systems.

Question 48

Heinrich Schliemann

Answer 48

The discovery of the city of Troy at Hisarlik in modern-day Turkey is credited to a man whose own life is almost as mythological as the Trojan War itself—Heinrich Schliemann, a swindling German businessman, and self-proclaimed archaeologist who ‘discovered’ Troy in 1871
Schliemann is best known as the man who discovered Troy (Galerie)
Schliemann “plowed through layers of soil and everything in them without proper record keeping–no mapping of finds, few descriptions of discoveries.”
“Some 150 years later, Turkish archaeologists are still working to address the damage inflicted by Schliemann’s single-minded quest for Troy”
Schliemann smuggled the so-called Priam’s Treasure out of the country and faced legal repercussions from Turkish authorities. He later returned some of his finds but some believe those he did were less important pieces.

Question 49

Alexander the Great

Answer 49

Alexander is considered to be one of history’s greatest military generals of all time
In 334, BCE, he began an 11-year campaign and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India, including Egypt
Alexander’s untimely death at age 33 brought an end to his empire (Typhoid? Malaria?)
When Alexander died there was no heir apparent.
For 40 years, his generals fought over the spoils of the empire.

Question 50

Hannibal

Answer 50

He was forced to participate in these traditions. the father made his son swear that he will destroyn Rome. Hannibal’s role model is his father, so his goals were the same.
He was mentally obsessive with destroying Rome.

Question 51

Mark Antony

Answer 51

Caesar’s most trusted lieutenant
Part of the The Second Triumvirate, along with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus- Caesar’s deputy dictator, and Octavian- Caesar’s grand-nephew
To secure the alliance, Antony gave his stepdaughter Clodia to Octavian to marry
In order to build a strong army, Marc Antony was in need of money and resources, and turned to Egypt to access its wealth.
Antony, like Caesar before him, was said to have fallen in love with Cleopatra.
He used his power and influence to restore Egypt’s losses during early Ptolemaic times while his legions suffered due to poor military campaigns.

Question 52

Augustus

Answer 52

Grand-nephew (and adopted son) of Julius Caesar
pax romana

Question 53

Constantine

Answer 53

Made Christianity the main religion in Rome
Made Constantinople, which is the most powerful city in the world

Question 54

The Great Leap Forward

Answer 54

35,000 years ago when changes brought about innovation and creativity to humans. 2 fundamental changes occurred: development of modern anatomy and beginning of innovative behavior. The effects of this are production of crafted tools and more sophisticated weapons. Another effect is the development of trade for raw materials and ornaments and emergence of sculptures, paintings and crafted objects that showcased beauty and religion.

Question 55

Sumerian inventions:
writing & the wheel

Answer 55

Most significant development. As a result, they were first to make a prosperous living based on large scale agriculture. Farmers developed seeder-plow and pickaxes, Mesopotamians became talented bankers, brewers, weavers, and tanners. Many buildings were so well built some still exist today.

Question 56

The building of the Great Pyramid

Answer 56

• south of the pyramid is a new city discovered. 2000+ people are believed to have been living in that city, which is modern day Cairo. He also discovered a big amount of trash that was thrown during the same time period as when the pyramids were built. Pottery and clay were also discovered, which could help with discovering how the population lived like. It’s believed that people were also very skilled in architecture and making tools. The food that was eaten was better for the rich while the poor couldn’t enjoy the same foods.
• It’s likely the poor people who work for Khufu, as their strength may have helped them build the pyramids. Because they felt like they were important because they were fed and paid, they had motivation to build the pyramids because they’re proud. National pride. Considering the precision of the pyramids, Lehner believes that’s why everyone felt included.
• The Giza plato and the river are connected, which happened to help with the flood. Two boats were discovered, which are believed to have been used by Khufu. Sailing across the red Sea so that copper can be transported to build the pyramids. They were transported with boats. The techniques that have been used to build the Khufu boat is still investigated today. there are 3 stones that were used to build the Great pyramid. Limestone, copper and granite. These stones had to be transported around the same time.
  The flood helped with maing farmers contribute to the Pyramids instead.

Question 57

The Peloponnesian War- who between?

Answer 57

was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
Athens’ attempt to build a land empire leads to tension with Sparta (a land based power)

Indirect cause
The Athenian statesman, Kimon, led an unsuccessful expedition to try and help Sparta during a helot revolt although he later helped broker a peace deal between Sparta and Athens in 451 BCE- this failed expedition got him exiled and still created ill feeling between the two city-states

Direct cause
Athens decides to interfere with Corinth’s colonies and Corinth is a member of the Peloponnesian League:
In 433 BCE, Athens allied itself with Corcyra (modern Corfu). Fighting ensued between Athens and Corinth; Sparta threatened war over Athens violating terms of peace but Pericles, Athens’ most influential leader, refused to back down.
Diplomatic efforts failed and in the Spring of 431 BCE, Thebes (a Spartan ally) attacked Plataea (an Athenian ally) and open war began
At the outset of war, Athens had a powerful navy (built from the money attained from the Delian league) and enough wealth in its treasury to mount a strong attack.
Sparta, on the other hand, had a formidable land army of disciplined professional soldiers (hoplites)

Question 58

The Olympics- a celebration for what god?

Answer 58

“sanctuary of Olympia, situated in the north-western Peloponnese. Pock-marked by olive trees, from which the victory wreaths were cut, and featuring an altar to Zeus, it was a hugely sacred spot.”
“the Games took place every four years from 776 BC to at least 393 AD”. Every four years.
The Games lasted a full five days by the fifth century BC
“the Games were a religious festival and a good excuse for Greeks from all over the Mediterranean basin to gather for a riotous barbeque”
“All free Greek males were allowed to take part, from farm hands to royal heirs, although the majority of Olympians were soldiers. Women could not compete or even attend.”
“Chariot owners, not riders, were declared Olympic champions and anyone could own a chariot. Kyniska, daughter of a Spartan king, took advantage of this, claiming victory wreaths in 396 BC and 392BC.”
“At least 40,000 spectators would have packed the stadium each day at the height of the Games’ popularity, in the second century AD, with many more selling their wares outside.”
“On the middle day of the festival a vast number of cows were slaughtered in honor of Zeus, King of the Greek Gods – once he had been given a small taste, the rest was for the people.”
“running, jumping and throwing events plus boxing, wrestling, pankration and chariot racing”

Question 59

The Classical Age

Answer 59

the end of the Persian Wars marked the dawn of what many consider to be the greatest age in Ancient Greek History. From 480-380 BCE, there was a phenomenal rush of achievement from the ancient Greek states. This ‘Golden Age’ developed partly because of contacts with the Egyptians and Persians which inspired a blossoming in the arts and sciences. Greek travelers and merchants told of great temples, colourful wall paintings, and huge stone statues along the Nile. They also brought back techniques for fine metal work, glassmaking, and other crafts, and awakened in the Greeks a new curiosity about the world. This was a time of great thinkers, poets, and artists, so impressive in their accomplishments, that some call this century, “the age of the Greek miracle.”
The study of this time period and the misinterpretation of what the Greeks believed, how they lived and what they created, has led to some troubling and outright dangerous ideas about race, white supremacy and women with real modern-day consequences for many people.
Our goal today is to examine all of these things- the accomplishments, the misinterpretations and the lessons that need to be learned from the Greeks and the interpretation of their history.

Question 60

The Hellenistic Age

Answer 60

The period that begins with Alexander’s conquests and ends around 27 BCE is called the Hellenistic Age.
Hellenistic civilization was a blend of eastern and western influences.
Teachers, soldiers, craftsmen, artists, writers, and merchants flooded out of Greece into the newly conquered lands to take advantage of the many opportunities for fame and fortune in the Near East, sparking a rich cultural exchange.
The new centers of Greek culture therefore moved to the cities of Alexandria in Egypt, Antioch and Ephesus, both in Turkey

Question 61

Pax Romana

Answer 61

Refers to a period of peace, order, and stability ushered in by Caesar Augustus (Octavian), Rome’s first emperor, that would last for over 200 years (from approx. 27 BCE-180 BCE)
During this 200 year period, the empire is at its largest–controlling over 43 provinces and 60 million people
There was one way of governing, one set of laws and one coinage system
Cultural diffusion made possible because of extensive road network: allowed for the transfer of communication, ideas, innovations, and even architectural styles

Question 62

Consequences of Thomas Becket’s martyrdom

Answer 62

King Henry II had to give up on making the Church less powerful, and he had to apologize on the street.

Question 63

The Renaissance

Answer 63

In the Middle Ages, the Church had taught people to think about the afterlife, but
during the Renaissance, people wanted to enjoy life on earth. Enthusiasm for games,
sports, and entertainment blossomed. Music flourished.

Question 64

Preconceptions about Prehistory re: gender roles

Answer 64

• There wasn’t really any sexism
• Women would stay with their children but could also help their husbands
• Men are in charge of hunting and getting food, building

Question 65

Cave paintings

Answer 65

Painting during the Paleolithic time. Paintings on walls and caves, which are simple shapes, body parts, and animals.

Question 66

Women’s rights in Egypt

Answer 66

• Women recieved the same pay as men
• had the same rights as men
• Wore gold
• Were still seen as mothers

Question 67

The influence of the Nile on Egypt’s longevity

Answer 67

essential to the wealth and longevity of Egypt as a civilization; the predictable flooding occurred annually between July and October and the soil it left behind afterwards was fertile and lush for growing crops

Question 68

The mummification process

Answer 68

Egyptians discovered complex but successful methods of preserving bodies using natron, organ removal, and linen strips which allowed for a secure burial. This process would evolve but essentially be used for a few thousand years

Question 69

Muslim perspectives on the Crusades, Europeans, and the Holy Land

Answer 69

They recognize the events we call the Crusades today simply as another wave of Frankish aggression on the Muslim world.