Psychology test Flashcards

Question

Sleeping disorders

Answer 1

Dysomnia- difficulty sleeping, cognitive Hypersomnia- too much sleep, cognitive Narcolepsy- sleeping randomly, cognitive Parasomnia- body does things at wrong time, bad dreams that cause stress on body like night terrors Sleep walking- walking around with eyes open and asleep, cognitive Sleep apnia- stop breathing when sleeping, not cognitive

Answer 2

we dream to practice fight or flight responses, defense mechanisms

Answer 3

computing- manipulation of symbols Representing- a symbol in the mind Aprontasin- unable to make an image in your mind processing: 1. stimulus information- from your senses reach your brain 2. the information is analyzed 3. different responses are generated 4. make a response Types of processing: input, memory, operational, output

Answer 4

Disagrees woth Maslow about pyramid survived holocaust he said you should look at life with therapies people need instead of needs he said that logo therapy helps

Answer 5

Sensory memory: a split-second memory system that stores information coming in through senses Short-term memory: walking memory when you remember 2-7 things right away Long-term memory: repeat things until you learn it Elaboritive-rehearsal- remember any/most things you are interested in, and you don't remeber things most of the time that you aren't inetersted in Episodic-memory: marriage, birthday, graduation, etc. Semantic memory: information on how to do things like riding a bike

Answer 6

G-factor: general intelligence, everyone has some but some have more S-factor: ability within one area

Answer 7

focused attention: concentrated on one source of input Daniel simons and Christopher Chabis created the monkey experiment Divided attention- focus on two or more inputs

Answer 8

retroactive interference: hard time remembering old information because of new information Proactive interference: hard time remembering new information because of old information

Answer 9

Key stimuli that are fixed and automatic Konrad loren- imprinting Imprinting- boding instinct between young animal and its parents

Answer 10

I- identify the problem D- define and represent the problem E- explore possible strategies A- action L- look back and evaluate the effects

Answer 11

Robert stenberg componential- textbook idea of general intelligence, like tests and memory experientual- problem-solving contextual- street smarts

Answer 12

choosing to act on something Amos tversky and daniel kanneman- studied heuristic decision making representative herusitic: making a choice based on the situation being similar to another situation Availability heuristic: making decisions on how easily or readily available information is

Answer 13

CCT- therapy thing He agreed with frankl, but he argued that people are inheritly good He focused on trauma Said it depends on people and how they grow

Answer 14

Premis: statements about objects Conclusion: making/assuming something based on premis Inductive reasoning: inference by proving something with logic Deductive reasoning: using evidence to prove something

Answer 15

Howard gardener Bodily kinesthetic ability Musical ability Spatial ability Linguistic ability Logical-mathematical ability Interpersonal ability Intrapersonal ability

Answer 16

Selective-coding: picking out relevant and irrelevant info Selective combination: problem solving by combining elements Selective comparison: discovering new and nonobvious connection between old and new

Answer 17

An instict is something that's automatic, and it affects our feelings

Answer 18

Believed that instincts affect us, because we have reasons to why we have those insticts

Answer 19

Drive reduction theory: people react and do things to satisfy their needs Genrated from homeostasis and equilibrium restortion types of drive: 1. primary: survival, most of decisions, feelings 2. secondary: social groups and cultures

Answer 20

Considered one of the founding fathers of humanitist psychology Self-actualizing and their peak experiences Full potential Hierchy of needs: people's needs have to be met you don't get until the top of the pyramid until you are older pyramid: self-actualizing esteem social safety physiological

Answer 21

You do something when you expect an award

Answer 22

You do things to maximalize the level of arousal, and not to satisfy needs. This is what drives you for maximum arousal

Answer 23

in order for a conditioned response to be maximally affected, the unconditioned stimulus must be unexpected The learning element is dependent on surprise

Answer 24

You do something not to be punished

Answer 25

People are motivated by not the initial purpose, but the reaction

Answer 26

Argued something in the middle They said that people perform activities when they are moderatly aroused

Answer 27

Roy Baumeister The ability to reject short-term temptations to meet long-term goals

Answer 28

Disagreed with james-lang theory He thinks that mind tells body what to do

Answer 29

After a person encounters a situation, the body will react first Sensory systems: emotions centers arousal

Answer 30

why we do things the way we do What influences behaviour? attitude- beliefs, values, feelings motivations- intensic,extrensic, drive-related social thinking- social benefit, actions of others, situational factors, attribution errors Mental/physical health- clinical,personality

Answer 31

Sibjective experineces: feelings Physiological response: impact on the body Expressive component: showing emotion

Answer 32

family members and friends

Answer 33

Being depressed Being separated from what you want Seperate/attachment issues

Answer 34

Schater and Singer Equally body and mind rate of speech, tone of voice, volume affect how we feel

Answer 35

Learning where a stimulus makes you respond a certain wat Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus + unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response +conditioned stimulus conditioned response

Answer 36

Russian scientist Studied BP Classical conditioning

Answer 37

law of effect theory When the cat pulled the string, the door opened Trial and error If there's a reward, the action becomes stamped in the mind The greater the satisfaction, the greater the stimulus

Answer 38

i= intimacy, p=passion, c=commitment liking: i, no p or c Infatuation: p, no i or c Empty love: c, no i and p Fatuous love: c and p, no i Compassionate love: c and i, no p Consummate love: all p, i, c Casual->clingy->Fickle->Secure->skittish->uniterested

Answer 39

Heinz kohot the only reason you act the wy you do is because of how you percieve yourself from other people You're mirrored Healthy grandiosy- feeling valued

Answer 40

only with significant other

Answer 41

reducing conflict- ego minimalizes conflict Promoting adaptation

Answer 42

You need to always introduce conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to get conditioned response Spontaneous recovery= after extinction, unconditioned stimulus is reinstroduced

Answer 43

Contiguity= me+work+waking up= sad Frequency= two or more events occur together, the stronger the association

Answer 44

True behaviousim Only concerned about behaviour, not mentality used rats and pigeons to examine how the use of rewards and punishment can influence behaviour (operant conditioning)

Answer 45

Effective moivation: you feel like you can do something good/make an impact (feel) Competence motive: you need to do something good

Answer 46

The way you relate to people is from your early childhood the pattern you related to people in your childhood will continue to happen

Answer 47

cognition- psychology that relates to mental processes, brain

Answer 48

Postive: when you do something that helps make that thing happen again negative: taking away something that helps to make that thing happen again Primary: rewards Secondary: educate like better success punishment

Answer 49

Leon festinger we experince discomfort when we realize that our behaviour do not match our attributes. To relieve this discomfort, we must either change our attitudes or change our behaviours

Answer 50

defense mechanisms repression denial projection rationalization intellectualization reaction formation regression

Answer 51

people misremember/have false memory because of tv. shows

Answer 52

How to effectivly remember things 1. competency- aware of everything/surroundings 2. incoding strategies- pay attention to every detail 3. expectancies- you remember things when you expect them 4. subjective values- it's ok to have expectations 5. self mechanisms- when you are calm/level headed Schemas best way to remember things self schemas- info about self social schemas/scripts-info about everything else

Answer 53

part i cognitive revolution social- cognitive theiry/social learhing theory you behave the way you do becuse of the way you watched other people, who would have behaved the same way you do now

Answer 54

As we interact with others, we quickly make decisions about that person Our brain does most of this for us automaticallu What we think about another person determines our behaviour towards them

Answer 55

when you fail multiple times at something until you do it properly

Answer 56

An external drive to recieve rewards behaviour may be dictatd by external force behaviour for the sake of expected outcome example: beat somone else in comp recieve desired award

Answer 57

A sense when you feel like you are put on display

Answer 58

Categorizing personality two dimentions 1. intraversion/extraversion 2. person's level of neuroticism and stability

Answer 59

An internal drive A self-determined will to behave behaviour for the sake of behaviour example: personal achievement overcoming challenge A desire to conform

Answer 60

false memory believed that humsbd cannot remember accuratly did experiment with the mall geting lost 30% of people did get lost, but others didn't

Answer 61

cardinal traits- single characteristics Central traits- 5-10 central traits Secondary traits- less infleuncial characterristics

Answer 62

1. autistic stage- birth-two months, sleep-like state 2. Symbiosis- two-six months, aware of relationships and they start to be firm'3. 3. Hatching- six-ten months, aware of objects 4. practicing= 10-16 months old, aware of seperation, "no" phase 5. reapproachment- 16-24 months, overconfidence 6. object consistency- 24-36 months, remembers basic things

Answer 63

Argued that theories about attachment are only researched in men and not women She conducted a study on 100 men and 100 women, and both were the same Studied gifted children, they struggle more because they aren't challenged enough

Answer 64

1. touches on each stage of life 2. explains eary development 3. Analyzes the conflict of eaach agebroadly Instead of seperating age broadly, Erik Erikson goes very in depth between each small gap of age while also being relative to a lot of people Focused on physiological aspect

Answer 65

Emergent self (birth), core self (2-4 months), subjective self (showing info), verbal self

Answer 66

you know you're being watchd

Answer 67

Appearance and ability are most common, power, social rewards, viciourous elements, morality

Answer 68

Studies based on food He conducted experiment on primates, monkeys The monkey didn't care about the nursing mother, and only went to comfort mother.

Answer 69

an area of study that uses questionnaire and tests to measure personality, ability, and knowledge

Answer 70

Minimal audiotory stimuli (no background noise)

Answer 71

secure- attachment to someone who gives you security/safeness Anxious- attachment to someone because you're scared to not be attached to them Avoidant- attachment to someone because you avoid being hurt

Answer 72

The way you act is based on family 1. problem solving 2. communication 3. roles 4. effective response- good families communicate emotions 5. affective involvement 6. 7. family functioning- how well does family adhere to function

Answer 73

Attachment behaviour and attachment figure Attachment- infants are attached to their care taker first. The same happens when you have friends. They are people who provide security and safeness. Both attachment and safeness go hand in hand.

Answer 74

1.Appearance, style, personality (public) thoughts, feelings, daydreams (private) 2.Social identity Kinship-friendship, family Ethnicity/nationality Religion

Answer 75

Parenting styles 1. Authoritarian- strict 2. Authoritative- not as strict 3. Permissive- few rules

Answer 76

Mutual regulation- keep each other in check Direct service- talking them to do things support- primary support from parents

Answer 77

Static cues- things you assume without seeing it Dynamic cues- things you assume which change

Answer 78

False consensus effect- everyone is doing something, so you do the same thing False uniqueness effect- you feel unique so you feel you can do anything you want Self-handicapping- when you know you're in a bad situation, so you do nothing to fix it

Answer 79

Muzafer Sherif Confomity is a change in behaviour from group pressure Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions Subjects were asked in a dark room how far a light was People changed their answers depending on what the majority says

Answer 80

Credebility of communicator- not always good Delivery approach- way of persuasion Audience engagement- connection with audience Age of audience- your early 20's is when you most conform. Finishing school start wroking. You're introduced to new things

Answer 81

Did the same experiments of conforming but with lines

Answer 82

central route- directly persudate someone Peripneral route- indirect hints

Answer 83

Conform out of fear of punishment Obey even if you have different opinion Form of conformity- more extreme Example: pets factors that affect the effects of obedience: emotional distance Proximity and ligitimacy of authority Institutional authority group size unanimity Cohesiveness Status Public response

Answer 84

type of conforming Erving L. Janis Trying to make others think like you even if you're wrong Symtoms: illusion that your group is superior Moral superiority Stereotype other groups Feel pressured to stay in the group Self-sensorship, keep mouth shut Believing everyone thinks like you in group Mind guard, not listening to what others say

Answer 85

Hostile- when you're angly for no reason Insturmental- intimidation, agressive with purpose

Answer 86

Providing a list of reinforcements when and how to use reinforcements Shaping: successfully manipulate a subject Therapy ends after shaping Successful approximation targeting Not exactly getting a person to where they want, but to what is good for them. Extinction therapy Taking something away from someone for therapy reasons Exposure based therapy Imaginal therapy- imagine what you're afraid of and get acustomed to it Graduated exposure therapy- gradually introduce fear to person Flooding- expose them to fear

Answer 87

Clinical testing mental disorders, normal behaviour Example: behavioural and adaptive functioning test Helps to diagnose people Educational/achievement testing assess intelligence levels, helps which students require special instructions Personality testing Intelligence testing measuring only level of intelligence like IQ tests Nerupsychological testing brain and cognitive function on memory, attention, concentration, motor, and planning

Answer 88

Normal anxiety- everyday anxiety Neurotic anxiety- crippling, very bad but can grow out of it Disporportionate- not fitting Destructive- prevents you from doing things

Answer 89

1. Not ethical-immoral decisions 2. Failing to live up to expectations Neurotic guilt- feelung like you did something bad but you didn't. Not always destructive or negatively impacting health. has certain levels.

Answer 90

- First psychologist - DEFENSE MECHANISMS, Freud believed ego distorted reality to deal with anxiety - He had people say anything they want, and he didn't ask questions That's free association SLEEP - believed our dreams are a collection of images from our daily lives - dreams have symbolic meaning 1) fulfill wishes 2) unconsious conflicts 3) repression 4) defense mechanisms 5) unconsious learning 6) emotional regulation 7) communication with the unconsious - Rehearsal theory: we dream to practice fight or flight responses, defense mechanisms - Latent content: hidden content of a dream - Manifest content: storyline of events that occur during a dream, per freud's view of the function of dreams - Believed that dreams were repressed sexual desires - Boys: oedipus complex: male child is attracted to mother - Girls: electra complex: opposite Acting naturally - Freud proposed that people are more aggressive and have similar aggressive instincts to identical twins Higher testosteron in both men and women when committing crimes with anger

Answer 91

- Student of Freud, believed that our unconsious mind includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiments - Disagreed with freud about defense mechanisms - Founded analytic psychology- balancing person's psyche *a way to understand motivation on consious and unconsious mind* - came up with an idea that people are either introverted or extroverted DREAMS - disagreed with freud about dreams being repressed sexual desires - he believed dreams were symbols that attempt to communicate with the unconsious mind - Activation-synthesis theory: dreams don't mean anything - Collective unconsious: information shared by all people across cultures - Continual activation theory: processing dreams during REM sleep - Threat simulation theory: defense mechanisms, dreams keep us prepared for dangerous situations, early primates dreamed like this. This is a reflex that early primates have, since they live on trees, so they have fall reflex PERSONALITY believed everyone is either introvert and extrovert - 4 functional types: 1. thinking (uses reason) 2. feeling (uses emotions) 3. sensations (uses all 5 senses) 4. intuition (uses perception)

Answer 92

Believed that instincts affect us, because we have reasons to why we have those insticts

Answer 93

Considered one of the founding fathers of humanitist psychology Self-actualizing and their peak experiences Full potential Hierchy of needs: people's needs have to be met you don't get until the top of the pyramid until you are older pyramid: self-actualizing esteem social safety physiological

Answer 94

Argued something in the middle They said that people perform activities when they are moderately aroused They didn't believe that people would do something for the reaction or to not be punished.

Answer 95

- Russian scientist - Studied BP - Classical conditioning Learning where a stimulus makes you respond a certain wat Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus + unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response +conditioned stimulus conditioned response

Answer 96

- Confomity is a change in behaviour from group pressure - Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions - Subjects were asked in a dark room how far a light was - People changed their answers depending on what the majority says - Asch did similar experiment but with lines

Answer 97

Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions - Used lines to see - People changed their answers depending on what others/majority says

Answer 98

- choosing to act on something - Amos tversky and daniel kanneman- studied heuristic decision making representative herusitic: making a choice based on the situation being similar to another situation - Availability heuristic: making decisions on how easily or readily available information is

Answer 99

-Albert bandusa part of cognitive revolution social- cognitive theiry/social learhing theory - you behave the way you do becuse of the way you watched other people, who would have behaved the same way you do now

Answer 100

- John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner - Did experiment on a child named Albert to test conditioning - He was a healthy boy who was around 1 years old - They experimented with him and how he reacted around white rat and rabbit, he didn't do anything - The, they made a large sound whenever albert and the animals came in contact, which scared him and he cried - Whenever he saw something that resembled the white rat and rabbit, he would cry - Not only was he conditioned on those two things, but also with sound. - Whenever a dog that was barking loud came, the id was also scared. - This is because he remembered the sounds from the other experiment, so now he's also afraid of loud sounds - Watson tried to recondition Albert by making him feel normal about white fluffy things, which worked - Watson would do these experiments very close together, which may have affected the child psychologically because he ended up going to the hospital at a young age - While it was immoral, this experiment is important to classical conditioning as it proved it.