Psychology test Flashcards
Psychology
Study of human mind and its mental state
Therapy, talking
Don’t need MD, but needs PhD
Psychologist
aim to describe, predict, and control behaviour and mental processes
Needs MD
Aristotle
pondered human consciousness
Rhazes
late 800’s, persian doctor Rhazes was the first person to describe mental illness
The major schools of psychology
- Behaviourism
- Psychoanalysis
- Humanism
- Cognitive
Psychology essentials
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
studied unconsious mind
studied kids, relationships, personality
The biosocial model
Body and mind always interfere with each other
science seeks objectivity and truth
accuracy depends on the relativity of the truth in a specific culture
Sigmund Freud
First psychologist
Believed that our unconsious mind holds weird thoughts
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Freud believed ego distorted reality to deal with anxiety
He had people say anything they want, and he didn’t ask questions
That’s free association
SLEEP
believed our dreams are a collection of images from our daily lives
dreams have symbolic meaning
1) fulfill wishes
2) unconsious conflicts
3) repression
4) defense mechanisms
5) unconsious learning
6) emotional regulation
7) communication with the unconsious
Rehearsal theory: we dream to practice fight or flight responses, defense mechanisms
Latent content: hidden content of a dream
Manifest content: storyline of events that occur during a dream, per freud’s view of the function of dreams
Believed that dreams were repressed sexual desires
Boys: oedipus complex: male child is attracted to mother
Girls: electra complex: opposite
Acting naturally
Freud proposed that people are more aggressive and have similar aggressive instincts to identical twins
Higher testosteron in both men and women when committing crimes with anger
Carl Jung
Student of Freud, believed that our unconsious mind includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiments
Disagreed with freud about defense mechanisms
Founded analytic psychology- balancing person’s psyche
a way to understand motivation on consious and unconsious mind
came up with an idea that people are either introverted or extroverted
DREAMS
disagreed with freud about dreams being repressed sexual desires
he believed dreams were symbols that attempt to communicate with the unconsious mind
Activation-synthesis theory: dreams don’t mean anything
Collective unconsious: information shared by all people across cultures
Continual activation theory: processing dreams during REM sleep
Threat simulation theory: defense mechanisms, dreams keep us prepared for dangerous situations, early primates dreamed like this. This is a reflex that early primates have, since they live on trees, so they have fall reflex
PERSONALITY
believed everyone is either introvert and extrovert
4 functional types:
1. thinking (uses reason)
2. feeling (uses emotions)
3. sensations (uses all 5 senses)
4. intuition (uses perception)
Unconsious mind
processes are unaware of
refers to information processing in our mind that we are unaware of
The ego- rational part of the mind, often supresses the urges of the id
The id- pleasure part of mind
The superego- moral part of mind
Two parts to unconsious mind
personal- memories from ancestors
collective- universal archetypes
Consious mind
processing what we are aware of
Branches of psychology
Experimental psychologists (labs, research)
Applied psychologist (applying research on the setting, scenarios)
Clinical psychologist (clinical therapy)
Stanley kripper
Altering consiousness (like hypothesis)
rapture- self of good emotion, like wanting to dance, sex, drugs, both dancing and sex give same pleasure
Trance: alrt, focused on single stimulus
Day-dreaming: thinking about something that has nothing to do with your tasks at hand
Theorists
Treat and provide therapy for the mind
Goal: unlock the unconsious mind
Both consious and unconsious mind are affected by early childhood
Expanded consiousness
Broadening your focus, can be with medication and drug use
TYPES:
Sensory- very aware of space, change, and mind as your body is taking in more that its used to
Recollective analytic- you are shocked/awake
symbolic: like sighing as you see something is a symbol
Integral- supernatural experience, ghosts
Dreams
Why do we dream?
There isn’t a specific reason
We all dream 100s of times per night to keep our brain working
Defense mechanisms
Freud believed ego distorted reality to deal with anxiety
He had people say anything they want, and he didn’t ask questions
That’s free association
conceptualization
proposition- say things to combine concepts
\mental model- clustering thoughts helps you understand how things work
Schemas- organizing mental models into larger groups
Karen Horney
Neo-freudian
sexual desires are not who you were
she said that this doesn’t support how women think (defense mechanisms)
First one to introduce feminine psychology
personality
Studied by ancient Greek philosophers
Yellow bile: irritable
Black bile: depression
Bloody bile: optimism
Phlegm: calm
Problem solving (Newell and simon)
- recognizing a problem exists
- constricting representation of a problem and its goal
- generating and evaluating possible solutions
- selecting a solution to attempt
- Executing the solution and evaluating how it worked
Types of consiousness
Normal
confusion- not as attentive, not looking at something clearly
Drowsiness and stupor- not alert and concentrated
coma- being asleep without control
Antonio Damasio
Consiousness of protoself awareness of bodily states and “here and now” moment by moment
Consiousness of core-self- including a sense of me and self
Sleep
Ekctrophysilogical activity
awake
Step 1: closing your eyes, alpha frequency, 10 mins
Step 2: asleep but don’t think you are sleeping
Step 3: 1.5 hours of semi-sleep
Step 4: rapid eye movement (REM), part of the brain is active but disconnected from skeletal muscle systems
Sleeping disorders
Dysomnia- difficulty sleeping, cognitive
Hypersomnia- too much sleep, cognitive
Narcolepsy- sleeping randomly, cognitive
Parasomnia- body does things at wrong time, bad dreams that cause stress on body like night terrors
Sleep walking- walking around with eyes open and asleep, cognitive
Sleep apnia- stop breathing when sleeping, not cognitive
Rehearsal theory
we dream to practice fight or flight responses, defense mechanisms
Thinking
computing- manipulation of symbols
Representing- a symbol in the mind
Aprontasin- unable to make an image in your mind
processing:
1. stimulus information- from your senses reach your brain
2. the information is analyzed
3. different responses are generated
4. make a response
Types of processing:
input, memory, operational, output
Viktor Frankl
Disagrees woth Maslow about pyramid
survived holocaust
he said you should look at life with therapies people need instead of needs
he said that logo therapy helps
Memory
Sensory memory: a split-second memory system that stores information coming in through senses
Short-term memory: walking memory when you remember 2-7 things right away
Long-term memory: repeat things until you learn it
Elaboritive-rehearsal- remember any/most things you are interested in, and you don’t remeber things most of the time that you aren’t inetersted in
Episodic-memory: marriage, birthday, graduation, etc.
Semantic memory: information on how to do things like riding a bike
factors of intelligence
G-factor: general intelligence, everyone has some but some have more
S-factor: ability within one area
Attention
focused attention: concentrated on one source of input
Daniel simons and Christopher Chabis created the monkey experiment
Divided attention- focus on two or more inputs
Forgetting
retroactive interference: hard time remembering old information because of new information
Proactive interference: hard time remembering new information because of old information
Fixed action patterns
Key stimuli that are fixed and automatic
Konrad loren- imprinting
Imprinting- boding instinct between young animal and its parents
Problem solving (Bransford and stein)
I- identify the problem
D- define and represent the problem
E- explore possible strategies
A- action
L- look back and evaluate the effects
Triachtic theory of intelligence
Robert stenberg
componential- textbook idea of general intelligence, like tests and memory
experientual- problem-solving
contextual- street smarts
Decision making
choosing to act on something
Amos tversky and daniel kanneman- studied heuristic decision making
representative herusitic: making a choice based on the situation being similar to another situation
Availability heuristic: making decisions on how easily or readily available information is
Carl rogers
CCT- therapy thing
He agreed with frankl, but he argued that people are inheritly good
He focused on trauma
Said it depends on people and how they grow
Steps of reasoning
Premis: statements about objects
Conclusion: making/assuming something based on premis
Inductive reasoning: inference by proving something with logic
Deductive reasoning: using evidence to prove something
Multiple intelligence theory
Howard gardener
Bodily kinesthetic ability
Musical ability
Spatial ability
Linguistic ability
Logical-mathematical ability
Interpersonal ability
Intrapersonal ability
Giftedness
Selective-coding: picking out relevant and irrelevant info
Selective combination: problem solving by combining elements
Selective comparison: discovering new and nonobvious connection between old and new
feelings
An instict is something that’s automatic, and it affects our feelings
James MacDougall
Believed that instincts affect us, because we have reasons to why we have those insticts
Clark Hall
Drive reduction theory: people react and do things to satisfy their needs
Genrated from homeostasis and equilibrium restortion
types of drive:
1. primary: survival, most of decisions, feelings
2. secondary: social groups and cultures
Abraham maslow
Considered one of the founding fathers of humanitist psychology
Self-actualizing and their peak experiences
Full potential
Hierchy of needs: people’s needs have to be met
you don’t get until the top of the pyramid until you are older
pyramid:
self-actualizing
esteem
social
safety
physiological
Expectancy theory
You do something when you expect an award
Optimal level of arousal theory
You do things to maximalize the level of arousal, and not to satisfy needs. This is what drives you for maximum arousal
The rescoula-wagner model
in order for a conditioned response to be maximally affected, the unconditioned stimulus must be unexpected
The learning element is dependent on surprise
Incentive theory
You do something not to be punished
Opponent process theory
People are motivated by not the initial purpose, but the reaction
Yerkes and Dodson law
Argued something in the middle
They said that people perform activities when they are moderatly aroused
Willpower
Roy Baumeister
The ability to reject short-term temptations to meet long-term goals
Cannon-Bard
Disagreed with james-lang theory
He thinks that mind tells body what to do
james-lange theory
After a person encounters a situation, the body will react first
Sensory systems: emotions centers arousal
behavioural psychology
why we do things the way we do
What influences behaviour?
attitude- beliefs, values, feelings
motivations- intensic,extrensic, drive-related
social thinking- social benefit, actions of others, situational factors, attribution errors
Mental/physical health- clinical,personality
Emotions
Sibjective experineces: feelings
Physiological response: impact on the body
Expressive component: showing emotion
Compassionate love
family members and friends
Triggers of anger
Being depressed
Being separated from what you want
Seperate/attachment issues
Two factor theory
Schater and Singer
Equally body and mind
rate of speech, tone of voice, volume affect how we feel
Classical conditioning
Learning where a stimulus makes you respond a certain wat
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus + unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response +conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Ivan pavlov
Russian scientist
Studied BP
Classical conditioning
Edward thorndike’s cats
law of effect theory
When the cat pulled the string, the door opened
Trial and error
If there’s a reward, the action becomes stamped in the mind
The greater the satisfaction, the greater the stimulus
Robert sternberg
i= intimacy, p=passion, c=commitment
liking: i, no p or c
Infatuation: p, no i or c
Empty love: c, no i and p
Fatuous love: c and p, no i
Compassionate love: c and i, no p
Consummate love: all p, i, c
Casual->clingy->Fickle->Secure->skittish->uniterested
Self psychology theory
Heinz kohot
the only reason you act the wy you do is because of how you percieve yourself from other people
You’re mirrored
Healthy grandiosy- feeling valued
Passionate love
only with significant other
Heinz hartman
reducing conflict- ego minimalizes conflict
Promoting adaptation
Extinction
You need to always introduce conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to get conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery= after extinction, unconditioned stimulus is reinstroduced
Associations
Contiguity= me+work+waking up= sad
Frequency= two or more events occur together, the stronger the association
B.F. Skinner
True behaviousim
Only concerned about behaviour, not mentality
used rats and pigeons to examine how the use of rewards and punishment can influence behaviour (operant conditioning)
Robert white
Effective moivation: you feel like you can do something good/make an impact (feel)
Competence motive: you need to do something good
Object relation theory
The way you relate to people is from your early childhood
the pattern you related to people in your childhood will continue to happen
Cognitive psychology
cognition- psychology that relates to mental processes, brain
reinforcement
Postive: when you do something that helps make that thing happen again
negative: taking away something that helps to make that thing happen again
Primary: rewards
Secondary: educate like better success
punishment
Cognitive dissonance theory
Leon festinger
we experince discomfort when we realize that our behaviour do not match our attributes. To relieve this discomfort, we must either change our attitudes or change our behaviours
Anna freud
defense mechanisms
repression
denial
projection
rationalization
intellectualization
reaction formation
regression
G. Echtorholf
people misremember/have false memory because of tv. shows
Walter misshel
How to effectivly remember things
1. competency- aware of everything/surroundings
2. incoding strategies- pay attention to every detail
3. expectancies- you remember things when you expect them
4. subjective values- it’s ok to have expectations
5. self mechanisms- when you are calm/level headed
Schemas
best way to remember things
self schemas- info about self
social schemas/scripts-info about everything else
Albert bandusa
part i cognitive revolution
social- cognitive theiry/social learhing theory
you behave the way you do becuse of the way you watched other people, who would have behaved the same way you do now
Social thinking
As we interact with others, we quickly make decisions about that person
Our brain does most of this for us automaticallu
What we think about another person determines our behaviour towards them
Self-appraisal process
when you fail multiple times at something until you do it properly
Extrinsic motivators
An external drive to recieve rewards
behaviour may be dictatd by external force
behaviour for the sake of expected outcome
example:
beat somone else in comp
recieve desired award
Invisible audience phenomenon
A sense when you feel like you are put on display
Hans Eygench
Categorizing personality
two dimentions
1. intraversion/extraversion
2. person’s level of neuroticism and stability
Intrinsic motivators
An internal drive
A self-determined will to behave
behaviour for the sake of behaviour
example:
personal achievement
overcoming challenge
A desire to conform
Elizabeth loftus
false memory
believed that humsbd cannot remember accuratly
did experiment with the mall geting lost
30% of people did get lost, but others didn’t
Gordon Allport
cardinal traits- single characteristics
Central traits- 5-10 central traits
Secondary traits- less infleuncial characterristics
Mahler’s stages of personality
- autistic stage- birth-two months, sleep-like state
- Symbiosis- two-six months, aware of relationships and they start to be firm’3. 3. Hatching- six-ten months, aware of objects
- practicing= 10-16 months old, aware of seperation, “no” phase
- reapproachment- 16-24 months, overconfidence
- object consistency- 24-36 months, remembers basic things
Leta Hollingsworth
Argued that theories about attachment are only researched in men and not women
She conducted a study on 100 men and 100 women, and both were the same
Studied gifted children, they struggle more because they aren’t challenged enough
Stage theory
- touches on each stage of life
- explains eary development
- Analyzes the conflict of eaach agebroadly
Instead of seperating age broadly, Erik Erikson goes very in depth between each small gap of age while also being relative to a lot of people
Focused on physiological aspect
Daniel Stern
Emergent self (birth), core self (2-4 months), subjective self (showing info), verbal self
Public self consiousness
you know you’re being watchd
Self-esteem
Appearance and ability are most common, power, social rewards, viciourous elements, morality
Harry Harlow
Studies based on food
He conducted experiment on primates, monkeys
The monkey didn’t care about the nursing mother, and only went to comfort mother.
Psychometrics
an area of study that uses questionnaire and tests to measure personality, ability, and knowledge
HSP
Minimal audiotory stimuli (no background noise)
Three basic attachment styles
secure- attachment to someone who gives you security/safeness
Anxious- attachment to someone because you’re scared to not be attached to them
Avoidant- attachment to someone because you avoid being hurt
Me Master
The way you act is based on family
1. problem solving
2. communication
3. roles
4. effective response- good families communicate emotions
5. affective involvement
6.
7. family functioning- how well does family adhere to function
John Bowlby
Attachment behaviour and attachment figure
Attachment- infants are attached to their care taker first. The same happens when you have friends. They are people who provide security and safeness. Both attachment and safeness go hand in hand.
Arnold Buss
1.Appearance, style, personality (public)
thoughts, feelings, daydreams (private)
2.Social identity
Kinship-friendship, family
Ethnicity/nationality
Religion
Diana Baumrind
Parenting styles
1. Authoritarian- strict
2. Authoritative- not as strict
3. Permissive- few rules
Siblings
Mutual regulation- keep each other in check
Direct service- talking them to do things
support- primary support from parents
Assumptions
Static cues- things you assume without seeing it
Dynamic cues- things you assume which change
Distortions
False consensus effect- everyone is doing something, so you do the same thing
False uniqueness effect- you feel unique so you feel you can do anything you want
Self-handicapping- when you know you’re in a bad situation, so you do nothing to fix it
Conforming
Muzafer Sherif
Confomity is a change in behaviour from group pressure
Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions
Subjects were asked in a dark room how far a light was
People changed their answers depending on what the majority says
Components of a pesuasive argument
Credebility of communicator- not always good
Delivery approach- way of persuasion
Audience engagement- connection with audience
Age of audience- your early 20’s is when you most conform. Finishing school start wroking. You’re introduced to new things
Solomon Asch
Did the same experiments of conforming but with lines
Persuasion
central route- directly persudate someone
Peripneral route- indirect hints
Obedience
Conform out of fear of punishment
Obey even if you have different opinion
Form of conformity- more extreme
Example: pets
factors that affect the effects of obedience:
emotional distance
Proximity and ligitimacy of authority
Institutional authority
group size
unanimity
Cohesiveness
Status
Public response
Group think
type of conforming
Erving L. Janis
Trying to make others think like you even if you’re wrong
Symtoms:
illusion that your group is superior
Moral superiority
Stereotype other groups
Feel pressured to stay in the group
Self-sensorship, keep mouth shut
Believing everyone thinks like you in group
Mind guard, not listening to what others say
Aggression
Hostile- when you’re angly for no reason
Insturmental- intimidation, agressive with purpose
Providing therapy
Providing a list of reinforcements
when and how to use reinforcements
Shaping: successfully manipulate a subject
Therapy ends after shaping
Successful approximation targeting
Not exactly getting a person to where they want, but to what is good for them.
Extinction therapy
Taking something away from someone for therapy reasons
Exposure based therapy
Imaginal therapy- imagine what you’re afraid of and get acustomed to it
Graduated exposure therapy- gradually introduce fear to person
Flooding- expose them to fear
Types of tests
Clinical testing
mental disorders, normal behaviour
Example: behavioural and adaptive functioning test
Helps to diagnose people
Educational/achievement testing
assess intelligence levels, helps which students require special instructions
Personality testing
Intelligence testing
measuring only level of intelligence like IQ tests
Nerupsychological testing
brain and cognitive function on memory, attention, concentration, motor, and planning
Anxiety
Normal anxiety- everyday anxiety
Neurotic anxiety- crippling, very bad but can grow out of it
Disporportionate- not fitting
Destructive- prevents you from doing things
Guilt
- Not ethical-immoral decisions
- Failing to live up to expectations
Neurotic guilt- feelung like you did something bad but you didn’t. Not always destructive or negatively impacting health. has certain levels.
Sigmund Freud
- First psychologist
- DEFENSE MECHANISMS, Freud believed ego distorted reality to deal with anxiety
- He had people say anything they want, and he didn’t ask questions
That’s free association
SLEEP
- believed our dreams are a collection of images from our daily lives
- dreams have symbolic meaning
1) fulfill wishes
2) unconsious conflicts
3) repression
4) defense mechanisms
5) unconsious learning
6) emotional regulation
7) communication with the unconsious
- Rehearsal theory: we dream to practice fight or flight responses, defense mechanisms
- Latent content: hidden content of a dream
- Manifest content: storyline of events that occur during a dream, per freud’s view of the function of dreams
- Believed that dreams were repressed sexual desires
- Boys: oedipus complex: male child is attracted to mother
- Girls: electra complex: opposite
Acting naturally
- Freud proposed that people are more aggressive and have similar aggressive instincts to identical twins
Higher testosteron in both men and women when committing crimes with anger
Carl Jung
- Student of Freud, believed that our unconsious mind includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiments
- Disagreed with freud about defense mechanisms
- Founded analytic psychology- balancing person’s psyche
a way to understand motivation on consious and unconsious mind - came up with an idea that people are either introverted or extroverted
DREAMS
- disagreed with freud about dreams being repressed sexual desires
- he believed dreams were symbols that attempt to communicate with the unconsious mind
- Activation-synthesis theory: dreams don’t mean anything
- Collective unconsious: information shared by all people across cultures
- Continual activation theory: processing dreams during REM sleep
- Threat simulation theory: defense mechanisms, dreams keep us prepared for dangerous situations, early primates dreamed like this. This is a reflex that early primates have, since they live on trees, so they have fall reflex
PERSONALITY
believed everyone is either introvert and extrovert
- 4 functional types:
1. thinking (uses reason)
2. feeling (uses emotions)
3. sensations (uses all 5 senses)
4. intuition (uses perception)
James MacDougall
Believed that instincts affect us, because we have reasons to why we have those insticts
Abraham Maslow
Considered one of the founding fathers of humanitist psychology
Self-actualizing and their peak experiences
Full potential
Hierchy of needs: people’s needs have to be met
you don’t get until the top of the pyramid until you are older
pyramid:
self-actualizing
esteem
social
safety
physiological
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Argued something in the middle
They said that people perform activities when they are moderately aroused
They didn’t believe that people would do something for the reaction or to not be punished.
Ivan Pavlov
- Russian scientist
- Studied BP
- Classical conditioning
Learning where a stimulus makes you respond a certain wat
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus + unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response +conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
Muzafer Sherif
- Confomity is a change in behaviour from group pressure
- Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions
- Subjects were asked in a dark room how far a light was
- People changed their answers depending on what the majority says
- Asch did similar experiment but with lines
The Asch Conformity Study
Looked at how people change their judgements, knowing how other people answered specific questions
- Used lines to see
- People changed their answers depending on what others/majority says
Heuristic decision making
- choosing to act on something
- Amos tversky and daniel kanneman- studied heuristic decision making
representative herusitic: making a choice based on the situation being similar to another situation - Availability heuristic: making decisions on how easily or readily available information is
Social learning theory
-Albert bandusa
part of cognitive revolution
social- cognitive theiry/social learhing theory
- you behave the way you do becuse of the way you watched other people, who would have behaved the same way you do now
The Little Albert Experiment
- John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
- Did experiment on a child named Albert to test conditioning
- He was a healthy boy who was around 1 years old
- They experimented with him and how he reacted around white rat and rabbit, he didn’t do anything
- The, they made a large sound whenever albert and the animals came in contact, which scared him and he cried
- Whenever he saw something that resembled the white rat and rabbit, he would cry
- Not only was he conditioned on those two things, but also with sound.
- Whenever a dog that was barking loud came, the id was also scared.
- This is because he remembered the sounds from the other experiment, so now he’s also afraid of loud sounds
- Watson tried to recondition Albert by making him feel normal about white fluffy things, which worked
- Watson would do these experiments very close together, which may have affected the child psychologically because he ended up going to the hospital at a young age
- While it was immoral, this experiment is important to classical conditioning as it proved it.
