Healthcare test for body systems Flashcards
Prokaryotes
single celled organisms, lack a nucleus. Bacteria is an example
Eukaryotes
Multicelled organisms that contain a nucleus. Fungus is an example
Microbes
Organisms too small to be seen with eyes
Bacteria
one celled microbe that can be harmful or helpful in your immune system
Virus
smallest microbe, not alive like bacteria. It can become “alive” once it gets injected into a cell and uses it as a host
vaccines often prevent them
communicable
Anaerobes
Bacteria that doesn’t need oxygen to live (like tetanus and gangrene)
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganisms
Aerobes
bacteria that needs oxygen to live
Facultative anaerobes
Bacteria that can live with or without oxygen
Host
living organisms that provides nourishment for some microbes
vector
something that carries and spreads pathogens (caused by viruses or protozoa) eg. mosquito
parasite
living organism that lives off another organism and uses it as a host to get nourishment eg. tapeworm, protozoa
peristology
study of parasites
Differences In Illnesses
Bacterial Infections = antibiotics
Viral Infections = immune system fights, treat symptoms
Fungal Infections = antifungal creams & antifungal pills
Parasites = need a host, cannot survive on surfaces. Medications will be prescribed which kill the parasite
Illnesses Caused by Bacteria
There are many illnesses that are a result of bacteria.
Antibiotics is the medicine that is used to treat bacterial infections.
Antibiotics = against life
Antibiotics keep bacteria from reproducing and multiplying by killing them
Streptococci
streptococcus
Type of bacteria
found in chains microscopically
-communicable bacteria that can cause strep throat, septicemia (blood poisoning), scarlet fever
-releases a toxin (poison)
Staphylococci
staphylococcus
Type of bacteria
Common communicable bacteria that forms boils and impetigo rash on people’s skin from open wounds
-Present microscopically in clumps (like grapes)
Bacilli
Type of bacteria
Rod shaped bacteria
-causes botulism a deadly food poisoning
from infected animals
-air borne infectious bacteria that can also
be associated with pneumonia, endocarditis,
and motor vehicle accident infections
Cholera Vibrio
Type of bacteria
-comma shaped bacteria (hot dog with string)
-common is Asia, found in drinking water or shellfish
-releases toxin in intestines that causes
body to produce excess water then diarrhea
Diplococcus
Type of bacteria
-bacteria that appears in 2 round cells
- an overall type of bacteria that different forms which result in different types of infections
-ex. are in pneumonia, gonorrhea, meningitis
Tetanus
Type of bacteria
-bacteria that lives on rusty metal
-if punctures skin, can affect the brain and nervous system and cause lockjaw
-tetanus vaccine is given every 10 years but if rusty metal breaks skin, vaccine should be given asap
-also responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy
Spirochete
Type of bacteria
-spiral bacteria that can cause the fatal
sexually transmitted infection Syphillis
-attacks the brain and nervous system
Sexually Transmitted Infections
caused by bacteria or viruses
Examples include: Gonorrhea- (most common communicable STI) or chlamydia or syphilis (deadly spirochete)
Helpful bacteria
helps break down dead living organisms for carbon cycle
-helpful bacteria in living things helps fight germs and prevent infection
(in saliva, on skin and in gut/intestines (probiotics and yogurt help here)
spore formation
when bacteria is in resting stage and form a protective coat and is resistant to antibiotics or death
vegetative formation
when bacteria is in active stage and do not form a protective coat and is non-resistant to antibiotics, can die
deterioration
aging of tissues and cells; regeneration slows down
dust
made mostly from dead skin and hair cells; most effective carrier of microbes
Fungi
- plants that lack chlorophyll like mushrooms, yeast and mould
- are mycotic: infection or disease as a result of fungus; often on dermal surfaces
-eukaryotes, lack nucleus - are decomposers, used in making drugs like penicillin, opiates, and alcohol
Protozoa
-one celled animal cell with no cell wall eg. amoeba, paramecium
-have legs and tails and some are pathogenic parasites eg. Plasmodium causes a world wide debilitating disease called Malaria
Type of parasite
Gut worms
Type of parasite
(tapeworm, hookworm) tapeworms can grow up to 50 feet and can be removed through anus, cause extreme hunger with diarrhea and vomiting (infestation)
Pinworms
Type of parasite
found in stools. Common in children
Trichinella spiralis
Type of parasite
roundworm found in cyst
of a pig (in humans thru pork)
rickettsias
Type of parasite
skin mites or scabies,
hair and body lice, ticks (lyme disease), fleas, caused by it (typhus too)
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
-small biconcave circular cells that give us oxygen in blood
-lack a nucleus
-makes up 45% of our blood
- 4.5-6 million/cubic millimeter in our bodies
-special protein hemoglobin helps carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body Mineral that helps hemoglobin carry oxygen is iron
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
-larger cells that fight infection for immune system
-have a nucleus; 4000-10000 /cubic millimeter in the body
-many specific types with different roles
Cross Infection
Type of disease transmission
the passage of microorganisms from one person to another eg. sneeze
Cross Contamination
Type of disease transmission
passage of microorganisms from one person or inanimate object to another eg. cough on pen then share it
Direct Transmission
Type of disease transmission
pathogens transferred through direct contact with infectious lesions, blood, saliva
Indirect Transmission
Type of disease transmission
pathogens transferred through direct contact with contaminated objects like doorknobs
Vector transmission
Type of disease transmission
pathogens transferred from one host to another through different ways eg. mosquito is carrier and bites human
Sternutation
Type of disease transmission
sneezing which is a common type of direct transmission
Zoonotic
infections spread between animals and people eg rabies, covid
Sterilization
kills ALL living things (germs) on an object
Autoclave
machine that uses high pressure steam to sterilize medical equipment
Disinfection
process of killing MOST living things on objects
Disinfectant
product that kills most living things on an object (eg. Lysol or alcohol, bleach, vinegar)
Masks, shields, goggles, gloves or gowns
(PPE) Personal Protective Equipment that limits the spread of germs through air
Asepsis
condition where no disease causing organisms are present
pasteurization
heating milk from cow to 145 F then allowing to cool, to kill bacteria before consumption
diagnosis
process of determining the nature of an illness
prognosis
result or info from diagnosis, then prescription or plan
therapy
treatment prescribed by a doctor (eg. physiotherapy)
chemotherapy
chemical treatment given to kill diseased cells
infection
invasion of body by disease producing micro-organisms
communicable
contagious, germs easily transferred
incidence
rate of occurrence of disease
congenital
disease present at birth
Antiseptic
chemical used on living tissue, to kill germs
idiopathic
disease with unknown cause
microbiology
study of very small living organisms
bacteriology
study of bacteria
etiology/epidemiology
study of causes of disease
protozoology
study of protozoa (one celled animal cells)
pathology
study of disease
peristology
study of parasites
physiology
study of the function of living organisms
anatomy
study of the structure of living organisms
Disease
the impairment or change from the normal state which prevents some of the tissues and organs from carrying on their required function
Some diseases can be communicable (contagious) and some not.
can also be caused by environmental factors like lack of sunshine (vitamin D) egs. Rickets or osteoporosis; or poor nutrition called malnutrition.
symptoms
Changes in body function that are experienced by a patient. Eg. nausea, pain
Signs
things you can see, hear from a patient eg. pale skin, high breathing
asymptomatic
Some diseases can lack symptoms but can still be serious
syndrome
Sign and symptoms that occur together (eg. flat forehead in Down Syndrome)
acute
diseases/ illnesses of short duration but can still be deadly
chronic
diseases/ illnesses of long duration (or over time) and can be deadly
Predisposing
factors play a role like where you live and what chemicals you are exposed to
epidemic
disease present at the same time in people
Immune System
It is designed to defend you against millions of bacteria, germs, viruses, toxins and parasites that intend to invade your body. The importance of an immune system is demonstrated when a living thing dies. During death, all systems shut down, including your immune system. This allows many types of bacteria and parasites to attack your body and break it down, leaving nothing but a skeleton. Your immune system prevents this when you are alive.
your immune system is at work all the time but goes unnoticed, until it is really needed
endemic
disease present in an area
Side Effects
These are side effects of the immune system doing its job:
When a mosquito bites you, the sign that your immune system is at work is that the area gets a red, itchy bump.
Each day you inhale thousands of germs from the air, and your immune system deals with them. Occasionally, a germ gets past defense and you catch a cold or the flu. The signs of your immune system at work here is the runny nose, fever.
Each day you swallow hundreds of germs, and the odd time a germ again gets past the defense system and causes food poisoning. The symptoms of reaction are puking and diarrhea.
Some people have allergies, which is the immune system overreacting to certain stimuli that others don’t react to. Eg. Nuts
Sometimes the immune system works when we don’t want it to, like during an organ transplant. Often the immune system rejects the new organ, because it is foreign
The immune system has 3 lines of defense to protect your body from foreign invaders
- Innate Responses (Non-Specific):
First Line of Defense: It creates a barrier that prevents bacteria and viruses from entering your body
Second Line of Defense: Non-specific cells will work to fight the virus after detecting an invader.
- Adaptive Responses:
Third Line of Defense: (memory) If the germs get into the body, the immune system tries to detect and eliminate it before it reproduces by recognizing the germs from previous exposure
First Defense Of The Immune System
The Skin acts like a boundary between germs and your body. It is tough and impermeable and it also secretes antibacterial substances, which kill bacteria when it lands on your skin.
Tears from your eyes and mucous from your nasal passages, lungs, throat and skin contain the enzyme lysozyme that breaks down the cell wall of bacteria. Mucous lines these areas and traps bacteria, then tries to eliminate it out of the body by coughing, or sneezing, or creating pus. Saliva in the mouth is also antibacterial.
Sweating, eye lashes, body pH, diarrhea, puking, fever
The Circulatory System
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells are independent and move on their own to capture germs. They do not divide or reproduce on their own. There are many 3 classes of leukocytes, with different functions.
Granulocytes (most), lymphocytes (B-cells/T-cells), monocytes (least and develop into macrophages)
Lymph
a clear fluid that contains Lymphocytes (a type of WBC) and macrophages (another type of WBC) that help fight infection
Lymph collects some waste products such as bacteria and damaged cells from inside the body’s tissue so that they can be removed from the body or destroyed
Lymph drains into lymph vessels which carries it to lymph nodes to be filtered
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a type of circulatory system
Includes the tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
Important part of the immune system
Helps maintain blood pressure,
Transports some hormones, nutrients and waste products
Lymphocytes
Fight disease and microorganisms that cause infections, like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
There are 3 types:
B Cells
T Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Second Defense Of The Immune System
Once the germs are inside the body, the components of the Immune system that are important are:
- THE LYMPH SYSTEM
- THE THYMUS
- THE SPLEEN
- BONE MARROW
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS
THE LYMPH SYSTEM
This system contains lymph, which is clearish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients, and flows through the body in the capillaries. The lymph system detects and filters out bacteria.
Different parts of your body has lymph nodes, which contain filtering tissue and lymph cells. When fighting bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacterial cells to indicate an infection.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
lso called leukocytes, WBC are independent and move on their own to capture germs. They do not divide or reproduce on their own. There are many 3 classes of leukocytes, with different functions.
Granulocytes (most), lymphocytes (B-cells/T-cells), monocytes (least and develop into macrophages)
THE THYMUS
This organ is in your chest, between your breast bone and heart.
It produces T-cells, which bump into abnormal cells and kills them.
- HORMONES
Hormones generated by the immune system are called lymphokines.
Some hormones in the body like steroids (components of adrenaline, cortisol) can suppress the immune system.
Tymosin (made by the Thymus) encourages lymphocyte (white blood cell) production.
- ANTI-BODIES
Also called immunoglobulins and gamma globulins, are produced by white blood cells. They are Y-Shaped proteins that each respond to a specific antigen, by binding to it, and disabling the chemical action of the toxin or stop its movement, then signal to the complement system that the invader needs to be removed.
How Do Antibiotics Work?
Sometimes immune system is not able to activate itself quickly enough to outpace the reproducing bacteria
Antibiotics only work on bacterial infections and not viruses because viruses are not alive (antibiotics- against living things)
Antibiotics interrupt the machinery inside bacterial cell wall
Lose effectiveness over time, and sometimes one of bacteria has a mutation and is resistant to drug and continues reproducing
The Third Line of Defense
The Third Line of Defense is meant to generate antibodies so that if exposed to the virus again, it can recognize and fight the virus to prevent illness.
THE SPLEEN
Spleen filters the blood looking for foreign cells, and replaces old red blood cells. (It can be removed but you would get sick more often)
How Do Vaccines Work?
There are some diseases, like Measles, Chicken Pox, that you only catch once. This is because your immune system is able to clone the antibodies that attack those diseases and use them again, so that they will not affect you for a second time.
This is similar to the use of vaccines. A vaccine is a weakened form of a disease, that is injected into a living thing. Once inside your body, your immune system mounts the same defence, but since it is weaker, you get no symptoms. So when the real disease arrives, your body is ready to eliminate it.
BONE MARROW
Marrow produces red blood cells, and also stem cells, which are cells that can branch off and become any type of cell. (like WBC’s)
Talipes Equinovarus
“club foot” results from severe
distortion of the developing extremities during intrauterine growth; congenital disease
- COMPLIMENT SYSTEM
System is a series of proteins, like antibodies, but not as abundant in the bloodstream. Compliments are manufactured in the liver. They work with antibodies by lysing (bursting) of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed.
Down’s Syndrome
congenital and genetic disease that
results from the presence of an extra chromosome per cell.
-Present at birth, infant has distinct facial features:
face is round, close-set eyes that slant upward, head is small and grows at unusual slow rate, nose is flat, tongue is
large and protruding, muscles and joints are lax, academic level never progresses beyond 7-8 years old.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Type 1 Diabetes -when the immune system inappropriately attacking cells in the pancreas and destroys them.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis - is caused by the immune system attacking the joints.
- AIDS (HIV)- is when the immune system attacks itself
- Chrohn’s disease- the immune system attacks the digestive system
- Vitiligo- where the immune system attacks skin
- Lupus- the immune system attacks many parts of body
- Multiple Sclerosis- immune system attacks nervous system message pathway to muscles
Polydactyly
genetic disorder where infant is born with an extra finger on the fifth finger of each hand
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
disease that lacks a certain enzyme that prevents the proper metabolism of phenylalanine, a common amino acid. It accumulates in the blood and if left untreated will lead to severe mental retardation before 2 years old, and cause convulsions
Cell Basics
There are over 100 different cell types in the body
Why are Cells so Tiny?
Cells take in nutrients and dispose of waste through the cell membrane. If cells get too large it becomes difficult to dispose of the waste and toxins begin building up in the cell. When the cell becomes too large to absorb enough nutrients for optimal functioning it must divide.
Cells have a life span
Brain cells 30-50 years
Red blood Cells 120 days
Cells that line the stomach 2-4 days
Liver Cells 200 days
Skin Cells 20 days
Properties of Cancer Cells
Divide in an uncontrolled manner
They are undifferentiated
They are not contact inhibited
Less dependent on nutrients from outside
Do not die, immortal
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Genetically unstable
Altered chromosomes, heterogeneity invade across the basement membrane
Cell Death
Some cells have definite life spans programmed into their genetic material. They die when they receive “instructions” to do so or when they are no longer needed or cannot function normally. Eg. have not received enough food or oxygen, etc.
To maintain a healthy body, these cells must be replaced.
Every hour about 1 billion of your cells die and another 1 billion are made.
The cells go through several stages in their lifetime called The Cell Cycle
Cells divide for 3 different reasons
Growth: to increase the number of cells in the body
Repair: to replace dead, damaged or old cells
Reproduction: to make exact copies (clones)
Why Do We Age?
We age because as cells die, they are either not replaced, or are replaced at a slower pace. This process results to changes to the structures and functions of major body systems.
wrinkly skin, lower bone density, etc.
As cells lose their ability to regenerate efficiently it weakens our ability to fight off diseases
Cancer Cells
Cancer Cells occur as a result of a mutation
Cancer cells are cells that divide continuously to a point where the division is out of control.
When this happens Cancer Cell Growth can:
lead to the crowding of other cells and the creation of a tumour or a lump
OR flood the blood with abnormal cells
Cells become cancerous when a cell reproduces uncontrollably, without aging or dying like normal cells. This is due to an activation of an enzyme telomerase, that maintains the integrity of the chromosomes during cell division. This causes the cells to lose control of their functions and eventually pile up on top of each other to form a tumour
What Influences Cell Mutations that Cause Cancer?
- Chemical – not all chemicals are carcinogens (chemicals in cigarettes and some factories are carcinogenic)
- Physical –
- Radiation- energy that travels through space from many different sources, such as the sun, electrical appliances and x-rays. 2 main kinds of radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum are:
ionizing radiation (cosmic, gamma and x-rays) - cancer causing
non-ionizing radiation (ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves) - Asbestos- is a naturally occurring silicate mineral with long, thin fibrous crystals material that is made up of tiny fibers; was used as insulation in buildings and ships
- Food/diet- some increase risk (alcohol, processed meats, additives, pickled, smoked or charcoaled) some decrease risk (fruits and veggies) ; obesity increases risk and viruses
- Viral –EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) which can cause esophageal cancer and HPV (human papilloma virus) which can cause cervical cancer. Hepatitis B
- Hereditary- breast and cervical
- Stress- invites viruses, decreases immune response chemical interferon, so mutated and cancer cells live
- Medications- egs. Steroids and hormones (Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women) affect the cell’s growth rate
Cell Division Gone Wrong: Cancer
in every cell’s lifetime DNA is replicated repeatedly by mitosis. The replication of the DNA can be perfect, or it could be faulty.
Mutations:
occur when DNA is not replicated correctly.
Can be beneficial to the cell but most of the time mutations are either neutral (no effect) or damaging.
Cancer is an example of a type of mutation that has occurred in a cells DNA
The mutation of the DNA in the cell can turn the cell from a normal cell to a cancerous one
Properties of Normal cells
Grow and divide in an orderly fashion
Some normal cells divide often, other do not
They are differentiated
They are contact inhibited
Die in an orderly manner (apoptosis)
Have lots of cytoplasm
Are mortal
Have restriction points in the cell cycle
Why Cancers are Hard to Kill
Still resemble our cells and evade the immune system
Agents that kill tumor cells, kill the normal cells too
Not all tumor cells grow rapidly
If they have metastasized (spread) they are nearly impossible to kill if they have made it to dangerous areas (eg. Blood, bones, lymph nodes, vital organs, brain)
Cancer can be asymptomatic, which allows the cancer to reach the later more dangerous stages
Dysplasia
additional genetic changes in hyperplastic cells lead to more abnormal growth. Cells and tissue don’t look normal and are unorganized
Hyperplasia
uncontrolled cell divisions lead to an excess of cells in that area. Cells look normal, but too many
Benign
not cancerous since don’t spread to tissues, but can still cause health problems
Carcinoma in situ
additional abnormality, cells spread to a larger area. Good cells regress and lose capabilities. Cancer cells can be cured by surgery
Malignant (Cancer)
have ability to invade surrounding tissue and spread (metastasize). Most dangerous and account for most deaths
Benign Tumors
More favorable outcome
Encapsulated, non-invasive
Remains at original site
Highly differentiated
Mitosis rare
Slow growth
Promoters
Once the damage is done, additional carcinogens we are exposed to promote the damage
Malignant Tumors
often fatal outcome
Non-encapsulated, invasive
May metastasize
Tendency to de-differentiate
Mitosis common
Fast growth
Clonal
the cancerous cell will continue to divide with its cancerous DNA and will not revert back to the normal cell
Metastasis
The spread of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant sites or organs.
Metastasis is the big killer. It is difficult to treat metastases, there are always resistant cells – spheroid morphology of nodules is difficult to treat. A 1 gm tumor (about a billion cells) may shed a million cells in the circulation/ day. Seed and soil hypothesis
Cancer Facts
Cancer affects 1 in 3 people in Canada during their lifetime.
About 60% of all cancers are likely preventable.
Fewer than half of the people who get cancer will die of the disease.
Although cancer cases are on the rise, mortality rates from cancer have decreased
Cancer is the leading cause of premature death in Canada
An estimated 171,000 new cases of cancer (excluding about 75,100 non-melanoma skin cancers) and 75,300 deaths will occur in Canada in 2009.
Out of the 171,000 cases, 89, 300 are males and 81,700 are females
Potential Therapies for Cancer Patients
Surgery - direct removal of tumor
Chemotherapy – drugs that inhibit ability of tumor cells to replicate
Radiation – high energy beams cause DNA damage and tumor cell death
Biological therapies – immunotherapy, use of natural proteins, to turn immune system against tumor
Hormone therapy - affects rate at which tumor cells grow, multiply or die
Bone marrow transplants - strengthens blood making system of patient weakened by radiation or chemotherapy
Vaccines- proteins given to stimulate body’s defenses against cancer
What bacteria is shaped like a hot dog with a tail?
Cholerae Vibrio
What microbe is shaped like a candy?
Bacilli
It causes botulism
They can cause food poisening
What microbe is shaped like a spiral
Spirochete
What microbe is has cells stuck onto each other like a snake?
Streptococcus
Causes scarlet fever
Causes septicemia
Causes strep throat
Releases a poisonous toxin
What are the cells that are shaped like animals that have tails?
Protozoa
Parasites
One celled animal cells
What microbe has cells in clumps shaped like grapes?
Staphylococcus
Are there more leukocytes or erythrocytes in our bodies?
Eyrthrocytes
What microbe is shaped like the toy ms tatti has?
Virus
What is true about fungi?
They can cause mycotic infections
It is in the same family as penicillin and opiods
They are not bacteria or protozoa
What is true about tetanus?
Tetani
They can harm the nervous system
They can cause lockjaw
They can cause tuberculosis and leprosy
They have a vaccine
Term used for a course of treatment given by a physician is called
Therapy
bacteria that causes boils and impetigo
Staphyloccoci
The science that deals specifically with the structure and parts of living things is called
Anatomy
The most effective environment for microbes is
Dust
not dirt
The science that specifically deals with the function of a living thing is called
Physiology
Tapeworm
It is a parasite
It can use you as a host
It can reach up to 50 feet inside humans
Invasion of body by pathogenic microorganisms is called
infection
cancer of the skin is called
melanoma
Presently the most prevalent, contagious disease of the reproductive tract
Gonorrhea
Auto-immune disease examples
Vitiligo
Diabetes
AIDS
MS
Chrohn’s disease
Lupus
When bacteria is able to be destroyed it is said to be in what form or state
Vegetative
Active
When a bacteria is resting and not able to be destroyed it is said to be in which form or state
Spore
Resistant
Syphilis
The bacteria is called spirochete
It is a sexually trasmitted infection
It can be fatal
It affects the nervous system
The abnormal growth of cells
Dysplasia
Auto-immune disease
When immune system attacks other systems
Similar in allergies in the way it acts
The excessive growth of cells in one area
hyperplasia
Congenital
Present at birth
