Musculoskeletal unit test Flashcards
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The combination of bones, joints, muscles and connective tissues
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- has 206 bones, made up of osseous tissue
-bones are NOT lifeless, although spaces between contain calcium
-bones are organs with their own blood, vessels and nerves
-all bones are made up of marrow
Red Marrow
found in certain parts of ALL bones; produce most red blood cells
Yellow Marrow
found in cavities of long bones; made mostly of fat
Body framework
SKELETON
AXIAL- head and trunk
APPENDICULAR- arms and legs
Periosteum
- Fibrous layer – dense irregular CT
- Cellular layer – osteoblasts & osteoclasts
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Attachment for tendons
Endosteum
- Inner surface of compact bone
- Covers trabeculae
- Osteoblasts & osteoclasts
The Human Skull
22 bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial bones
sutures
Cranial bones are divided by immovable joints referred to as sutures – these joints do not fully harden until after birth.
- This allows for a baby’s skull to adjust while passing through the vaginal canal during birth
Frontal
1 bone above eyes, cranial
Sphenoid
1 bone beside eyes, cranial
Ethmoid
1 bone behind eyes, cranial
Parietal
2 bones on the top/back of the head, cranial
Temporal
2 bones on the side beside sphenoid, cranial
Occipital
1 bone on the bottom back of the head, cranial
Lacrimal
2 bones beside eyes in nose, facial
Nasal
2 bones in the nose, facial
Zygomatic
2 cheek bones, facial
Maxilla
2 bones on top of lips, facial
Lacrimal
2 bones beside eyes and nose, facial
Mandible
1 bone below lips, facial
Inferior nasal concha
2 bones where you get a piercing, facial
Vertebral Column
- 7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
- 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
- 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Palatine
2 bones beside vomer, facial
Vomer
1 bone in the middle of the nose, facial
Ribs
Twelve pairs Made up of :
- bone
- cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand.
- Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area
Appendicular skeleton
- The pectoral girdle (chest)
- Pelvic girdle (hip)
- The upper limbs
- The lower limbs
Pectoral Girdle
Consists of:
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Clavicle (collar bone)
Allows the upper limb great mobility
The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle
Upper Limb
Humerus
- The arm bone
- shoulder to elbow
Radius and Ulna
- The forearm bones
- elbow to wrist
- the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand
when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna
Tibia and Fibula
- lower limb
- leg bones
- From knee to ankle
- Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral
Patella
- lower limb
- knee cap
- sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles (thigh)
Femur
- lower limb
- thigh bone
- from hip to knee
Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus
- lower limb
- The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively
commonly referred to as the “ankle bones” - can be easily palpated
Tarsals
- lower limb
- 7 ankle bones
- calcaneus or the heel bone
talus
Metatarsals
5 bones of the foot
unite with the toes
Phalanges
- lower limb
- toe bones
- three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal
Functions of bone
- Provide rigid support and structure for body
- Protect brain and vital organs
- Crucial to locomotion as they provide sites of attachment for muscles
- Provide a reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
- Produce and store blood cells
FIVE TYPES OF BONES
LONG BONES- humerus, femur, phalanges, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle
SHORT BONES- carpals, tarsals
FLAT BONES- scapula, cranium, ribs, ilium, sternum
IRREGULAR BONES- all vertebrae (coccyx, sacrum), face (zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal)
SESAMOID BONES- patella
Short Bones
- Include 7 bones of ankle (tarsals) and 8 wrist (carpals)
- Serve as good shock absorbers
Long bones
- Include femur of the thigh, humerus of the upper arm, and clavicle
- Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter
- Provide levers for movement
Diaphysis – shaft
Epiphysis – ends
Flat bones
- Include bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and cranium, ilium
- Largely protect underlying organs
Skull: - Two sheets of compact bone
- spongy bone
Sesamoid bones
Include patella
Oval, like a pea and found in tendons
Irregular Bones
- Include bones of your face and vertebrae
- Bones that cannot be placed in other groups
- Fulfil special functions
FRACTURES
Simple - The break can be severe but remains beneath the skin
Compound - The broken end of the bone breaks through the skin
Comminuted - The bone is crushed or fragments into several pieces
Greenstick - the bone breaks only on one side. Occurs in kids most.
DISLOCATIONS
When bones of a joint are pulled out of alignment
Joint ligaments are stretched or torn
Takes longer to heal than a fracture
Dislocations are often caused by collisions or falls and are common in finger and shoulder joints.
Separations
more serious than a dislocation; the ligaments attaching your collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula) are disrupted.
SPRAIN
Ligaments are stretched or torn but bones remain in place; 1st - 3rd degrees
First Degree (mild) least severe short time to heal
Second Degree (moderate) more severe require treatment from a physiotherapist once diagnosed by a doctor
Third Degree (most severe) may require surgery and rehabilitation may take form six to twelve months to fully repair
RUPTURED VERTEBRAL DISK
Each disc is surrounded by a tissue called annulus. If the annulus weakens the disc will bulge out and push on nerves or spinal cord. Results in pain, numbness or twitching
Osteoporosis
Spaces between the bone tissue becomes enlarged, weakening the bone. This is due to a lack of calcium, aging
Osteoarthritis
condition involving loss of cartilage at joints. Osteoarthritis (a joint disease) is often confused with osteoporosis, which is a disease characterized by low bone mass and bone deterioration.
Bursitis
(bursa – singular) are small flattened sacs of fluid at friction points between tendons, ligaments and bones; Inflammation of one or more synovial sacs; Common around the shoulder, elbow.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cells in the synovial cavity are destroyed. Cartilage is destroyed. Bone on bone contact leads to inflammation and pain.
Scoliosis
sideways curvature of spine (cause unknown; born with it)
R.I.C.E.
Initial Treatment of Injury
R: Rest
I: Ice
C: Compression
E: Elevate
SHARP
Basics on How to Identify
Bone Injury
Swelling: Instantly or over time
Heat: Increased temperature in the area
Altered: Tissue will not function properly
Red: in colour
Painful: to touch or move
Types of arthiritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)
Lupus ― Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
Etiology
Hands: Osteoarthritis of the fingers seems to have some hereditary characteristics
More women than men have it, and they develop it especially after menopause
Heberden’s nodes: small, bony knobs that appear on the end joints of the fingers
Bouchard’s nodes: knobs that appear on the middle joints of the fingers.
Fingers can become enlarged and gnarled, and they may ache or be stiff and numb.
JOINTS
when 2 bones come together, they form an articulation or joint
1. Ball and Socket Ex. Hips, shoulder
2. Hinge Ex. Knee, elbow
3. Gliding Ex. Wrists (carpals), ankles (tarsals)
4. Pivot Ex. Neck, forearm
5. Immovable Ex. Skull, sacrum
Ligaments
tough, cord-like tissues that connect bone to bone.
Tendons
tough, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones.
Muscles
bundles of specialized cells that contract to produce movement when stimulated by nerves.
The Achilles Tendon
the tendon which attaches our calf muscles (gastrocnemius & soleus to our heel (calcaneus)
What Is the Name of the Doctor that Specializes in Bones?
Orthopedic
Anatomical Position
- Standing erect
- Facing forward
- Arms hanging at the sides
- Palms facing forward and the thumbs outward
- Legs straight
- Heels, feet and great toes parallel to each other
- The starting reference point for describing the human body
- It is universally accepted
- It is used in all anatomical descriptions
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Medial
Towards the midline
Anterior
In front of or front of your body
Posterior
Behind or back of your body
Proximal
Closer to some specified region (point of attachment for limbs)
Distal
Further from a specified region (point of attachment for limbs)
Supine
Lying on the back
face up
E.g., when performing a bench press
Prone
Lying face down
DEEP
With reference to organs and tissues in the body
further away from the outside of the body eg. Your heart is deep compared to your skin
SUPERFICIAL
With reference to organs and tissues in the body
your skin is superficial compared to your lungs
Smooth Muscle
Location: Walls of all organs eg. stomach, intestines, etc
Type of control: Involuntary
Shape of fibres: Elongated, spindle-shaped, pointed ends
Striations: Absent
Speed of Contraction: Slowest
Ability to remain contracted: Greatest
Skeletal Muscle
Location: Attached to skeleton
Type of control: Voluntary
Shape of fibres: Elongated, cylindrical, blunt ends
Striations: Present
Speed of Contraction: Most rapid
Ability to remain contracted: Least
Cardiac Muscle
Location: Walls of heart
Type of control: Involuntary
Shape of fibres: Elongated, cylindrical fibers that branch
Striations: Present
Speed of Contraction: Intermediate
Ability to remain contracted:
Intermediate
MUSCLE Facts
- There are more than 650 muscles in the human body.
- More than 400 of them are skeletal muscles.
- The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body and the stapedius (in ear) is the smallest.
- Muscles account for 40% of a man’s total weight.
- Muscles consists mainly of protein.
- Muscles move the body by contracting (shortening).
- A muscle can contract up to 30% of its resting length.
- Muscles get their energy from glycogen which comes from the carbohydrates we eat. In order to release it’s energy, glucose needs oxygen.
- If there is not enough oxygen getting to the muscle lactic acid builds up which causes pain and cramps. These contain two main kinds of protein. These are actin and myosin. These proteins give the muscle a striated appearance.
During contraction these proteins overlap, the muscle becomes shorter and thicker. Myosin is located within myofibril. The actin slide over the myosin during contraction.
Contractions starts with an impulse from motor nerve. Motor nerves are connected at motor end plate. - Exercise does not increase the number of muscle cells, but it does increase the size of the actual fibre.
- Pairs of muscles that oppose each other’s motion are called antagonist. The biceps and triceps are an example. When weight training it’s important to work both.
- Tendons connect muscle to bone.
- The body or belly of a skeletal muscle contains many cells or fibres.
- A muscle contains many myofibrils.
- The point were a nerve and muscle interact is the neuromuscular junction.
- Muscles of the arms are smaller than muscles of the legs because they do not have to support the weight of the body. However, the muscles of arms and legs are arranged in similar ways.
NAMING MUSCLE DEPENDS ON
SIZE: vastus, maximus, minimus, longus, brevis
SHAPE: deltoid, latissimus, trapezius, rhomboids, teres,orbicularis
DIRECTION OF FIBRES: rectus, oblique, transverse
LOCATION: pectoralis, gluteus, brachii, supra, infra, sub, lateralis, medialis
NUMBER OF ORIGINS: bi, tri, quad
ORIGIN AND INSERTION: sternocleidomastoid
ACTION: adductor, abductor, supinator, pronator,
Muscle Functions
LOCOMOTION – ALL BODY MOVEMENTS AND MANY BODY FUNCTIONS
POSTURE – EVEN WHEN RELAXED MUSCLES ARE WORKING TO KEEP YOU UPRIGHT
HEAT PRODUCTION – BODY NEEDS A BASAL TEMPERATURE AND MUSCLES KEEP THIS BY RELEASING HEAT AS A BY-PRODUCT OF REACTIONS.
Tongue
allows you move food around in your mouth and get it to a position to be swallowed
allows you to pronounce words and speak intelligibly
Neck Muscles
There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region
These muscles:
Maintain the position in which the head sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) i.e. they hold up our head
Also permit a wide range of movement
Sternocleidomastoids
The most important anterior pair of muscles
Movements:
Acting together, they flex the head toward the chest
Individually, each muscle tilts the face up and toward the opposite side
Trapezius
upper fibres
Important lateral neck muscles
Movements:
Acting alone, tilt the head to the same side
Together, they assist in neck extension
Erector spinae muscles
Important posterior neck muscles
Attach to sacrum inferiorly, and to the skull superiorly
maintain your erect position
Therefore, they are also called anti-gravity muscles
When someone faints, these muscle no longer function and the body falls face forward to the ground
Muscles acting to hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall
Anterior
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior
Posterior
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboids Major
Rhomboids Minor
Muscles which attach from the scapula to the humerus, and act across the shoulder joint
Anterior
Subscapularis
Posterior
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Teres Major
Lateral
Deltoid
Biceps Brachii
Attaches
proximally to distal part of humerus (short head)
distally to proximal part of ulna (together with long head)
movements of the arm:
flexor of the elbow joint
supinator of the forearm
Brachialis
Attaches
proximally to the anterior surface of the humerus
distally to the coronoid process of the ulna
movements of the arm
powerful flexor of the elbow joint
it works along with the biceps brachii.
Triceps Brachii
Attaches
Proximally to humerus (medial and lateral head)
Distally to the olecranon process of the ulna(together with long head)
Movement of the arm:
elbow extensor
flexor-pronator group
attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
extensor-supinator
attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
gluteals
include 3 muscles:
gluteus maximus
the largest of the three muscles
principal extensor of the hip
Gluteus medius (superior) and gluteus minimus (deep)
assist it in hip extension
abduct the hip
lateral or external rotators of the hip
six little muscles
Thigh Muscles
Pectineus
gracilis
Adductors:
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
primary action - adduct the thigh towards the midline
Anterior Compartment
Sartorius (longest)
Quadriceps
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis.
Extend at the knee
Sartorius and Rectus femoris also flex at the hip
Posterior Compartment
Hamstrings
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
attach
proximally to the ischial tuberosity
distally, biceps femoris to the head of the fibula and the semitendinosus and semimembranosus to the tibia.
flex the knee
also extend at the hip
Leg Muscles
-Anterior Compartment
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus (deep)
extensor digitorum (deep)
arise from
anterolateral surface of the tibia
interosseous membrane between the tibia and the fibula
anterior surface of the fibula
cross anterior to the ankle joint
attach distally to
medial side of the foot
distal phalanges of the digits
movements:
primarily dorsi-flexors of the ankle
extensors of the toes
Tibialis anterior further inverts the foot
Peroneus tertius assist in eversion
Lateral Compartment
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
proximaly attach to the lateral surface of the tibia
pass behind the lateral malleolus
distally attach to the foot
movement
plantar flexors
everters of the sole of the foot
Posterior Compartment
Superficial group
Gastrocnemius
has two proximal heads
proximally attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal femur
Soleus
proximally attaches to head proximal ends of tibia and fibula
gastroc and soleus come together to form an Achilles tendon
principal plantar flexors of the ankle
MUSCLE INJURIES
STRAIN- stretching or tearing of a muscle/tendon
CHARLEY HORSE-muscular pain, cramping, or stiffness especially of the quadriceps that results from a strain or bruise.
SHIN SPLINTS-acute pain in the shin and lower leg caused by prolonged running, on hard surfac
MYOPATHY- disease of muscle tissue
PLANTAR FASCIITIS- an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of your foot that connects your heel bone to toes
SPASMS (CRAMPS)- involuntary, painful contractions and tightening of the muscles
Obliques
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus
reach from the vertebral column, ribs, and hip bone posteriorly
meet in the midline anteriorly through rectus abdominus
functions:
lateral bending of the abdomen
rotation of the abdomen
extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration
allow the development of a pregnant uterus
contract to help expel fecal contents from the rectum
Rectus Abdominis
Paired midline muscles
Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall
Strengthening of the abdominal muscles is a very important part of back therapy, because the abdominals act to support the back.
Dorsiflexion
Modified flexion with respect to ankle joint
bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin
Plantar flexion
Modified flexion with respect to ankle joint
“planting” or pointing the foot
Flexion
reduces the angle between two bones at a joint
Extension
increases the angle between two bones at a joint
Adduction
moving segment towards the midline of the body
Abduction
moving a segment away from the midline
Circumduction
Movement in a circular axis
Occurs when flexion-extension movements are combined with abduction-adduction movements
Rotation
turning of a bone on its longitudinal axis
Medial rotation - rotation towards the midline
Lateral rotation - rotation away from the midline
Pronation
Movements relative to the forearm and hand
when the palm is moved to face down
Supination
Movements relative to the forearm and hand
when the palm is moved to face up
Inversion
Movements relative to the sole of the foot
When the sole is turned inward
Movements relative to the sole of the foot
