Musculoskeletal unit test Flashcards
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The combination of bones, joints, muscles and connective tissues
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- has 206 bones, made up of osseous tissue
-bones are NOT lifeless, although spaces between contain calcium
-bones are organs with their own blood, vessels and nerves
-all bones are made up of marrow
Red Marrow
found in certain parts of ALL bones; produce most red blood cells
Yellow Marrow
found in cavities of long bones; made mostly of fat
Body framework
SKELETON
AXIAL- head and trunk
APPENDICULAR- arms and legs
Periosteum
- Fibrous layer – dense irregular CT
- Cellular layer – osteoblasts & osteoclasts
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Attachment for tendons
Endosteum
- Inner surface of compact bone
- Covers trabeculae
- Osteoblasts & osteoclasts
The Human Skull
22 bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial bones
sutures
Cranial bones are divided by immovable joints referred to as sutures – these joints do not fully harden until after birth.
- This allows for a baby’s skull to adjust while passing through the vaginal canal during birth
Frontal
1 bone above eyes, cranial
Sphenoid
1 bone beside eyes, cranial
Ethmoid
1 bone behind eyes, cranial
Parietal
2 bones on the top/back of the head, cranial
Temporal
2 bones on the side beside sphenoid, cranial
Occipital
1 bone on the bottom back of the head, cranial
Lacrimal
2 bones beside eyes in nose, facial
Nasal
2 bones in the nose, facial
Zygomatic
2 cheek bones, facial
Maxilla
2 bones on top of lips, facial
Lacrimal
2 bones beside eyes and nose, facial
Mandible
1 bone below lips, facial
Inferior nasal concha
2 bones where you get a piercing, facial
Vertebral Column
- 7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)
- 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)
- 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)
Palatine
2 bones beside vomer, facial
Vomer
1 bone in the middle of the nose, facial
Ribs
Twelve pairs Made up of :
- bone
- cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand.
- Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area
Appendicular skeleton
- The pectoral girdle (chest)
- Pelvic girdle (hip)
- The upper limbs
- The lower limbs
Pectoral Girdle
Consists of:
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Clavicle (collar bone)
Allows the upper limb great mobility
The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle
Upper Limb
Humerus
- The arm bone
- shoulder to elbow
Radius and Ulna
- The forearm bones
- elbow to wrist
- the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand
when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna
Tibia and Fibula
- lower limb
- leg bones
- From knee to ankle
- Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral
Patella
- lower limb
- knee cap
- sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps muscles (thigh)
Femur
- lower limb
- thigh bone
- from hip to knee
Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus
- lower limb
- The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively
commonly referred to as the “ankle bones” - can be easily palpated
Tarsals
- lower limb
- 7 ankle bones
- calcaneus or the heel bone
talus
Metatarsals
5 bones of the foot
unite with the toes
Phalanges
- lower limb
- toe bones
- three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal
Functions of bone
- Provide rigid support and structure for body
- Protect brain and vital organs
- Crucial to locomotion as they provide sites of attachment for muscles
- Provide a reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
- Produce and store blood cells
FIVE TYPES OF BONES
LONG BONES- humerus, femur, phalanges, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle
SHORT BONES- carpals, tarsals
FLAT BONES- scapula, cranium, ribs, ilium, sternum
IRREGULAR BONES- all vertebrae (coccyx, sacrum), face (zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal)
SESAMOID BONES- patella
Short Bones
- Include 7 bones of ankle (tarsals) and 8 wrist (carpals)
- Serve as good shock absorbers
Long bones
- Include femur of the thigh, humerus of the upper arm, and clavicle
- Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter
- Provide levers for movement
Diaphysis – shaft
Epiphysis – ends
Flat bones
- Include bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and cranium, ilium
- Largely protect underlying organs
Skull: - Two sheets of compact bone
- spongy bone
Sesamoid bones
Include patella
Oval, like a pea and found in tendons
Irregular Bones
- Include bones of your face and vertebrae
- Bones that cannot be placed in other groups
- Fulfil special functions
FRACTURES
Simple - The break can be severe but remains beneath the skin
Compound - The broken end of the bone breaks through the skin
Comminuted - The bone is crushed or fragments into several pieces
Greenstick - the bone breaks only on one side. Occurs in kids most.
DISLOCATIONS
When bones of a joint are pulled out of alignment
Joint ligaments are stretched or torn
Takes longer to heal than a fracture
Dislocations are often caused by collisions or falls and are common in finger and shoulder joints.
Separations
more serious than a dislocation; the ligaments attaching your collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula) are disrupted.