healthcare exam Flashcards
1
Q
Inversion
A
When the sole of the foot is turned inward
2
Q
Eversion
A
When the sole of the foot is turned outward from the median of the body
3
Q
Fibula
A
lateral leg bone, knee to ankle
4
Q
Rotation
A
turning a bone on its longitudinal axis
5
Q
Adduction
A
moving towards the midline
5
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
Bringing the top of the foot to the lower leg
5
Q
Abduction
A
moving away from the midline
6
Q
Phalanges
A
finger and toe bones
7
Q
Plantar flexion
A
planting/pointing the foot
7
Q
Patella
A
knee cap, sesamoid bone
8
Q
Tibia
A
medial leg bone, knee to ankle
9
Q
Lateral
A
away from the midline of the body
9
Q
Medial
A
Towards the midline of body
9
Q
Humerus
A
upper arm, largest bone in upper body
10
Q
Femur
A
upper leg bone, largest bone in the body
11
Q
Clavicle
A
collar bone
12
Q
Gluteus maximus
A
largest muscle in the body
12
Q
Deltoid
A
muscle which attach from the scapula to the humerus, and act across the shoulder joint. It’s more lateral
13
Q
Bicep
A
proximal part of ulna, with the head
14
Q
Tricep
A
proximal part of humerus
15
Q
Gastrocnemius
A
has two proximal heads, attached to medial and lateral epicondyles of the distant femur
16
Q
Achilles
A
tendon that attaches calf muscle and soleus to heel
16
Q
Quadriceps
A
upper leg muscle, extend at knee
17
Q
Joint
A
2 bones come together
18
Tendon
tough, fibrous cords that connect muscle to bone
18
Ligament
tough, cord-like tissues that connect bone to bone
18
Fracture
break in the bone
19
Actin
protein, gives muscle striated look, During contraction actin and myosin overlap, the muscle becomes shorter and thicker. Myosin is located within myofibril. The actin slide over the myosin during contraction
20
Myosin
protein, gives muscle striated look, During contraction actin and myosin overlap, the muscle becomes shorter and thicker. Myosin is located within myofibril. The actin slide over the myosin during contraction
21
Posterior
Behind or back of your body
22
Anterior
In front of or front of your body
23
Superior
Above
24
Inferior
Below
25
Distal
Further from a specified region (point of attachment for limbs)
26
Proximal
Closer to some specified region (point of attachment for limbs)
26
Ingestion
The process of taking food into the body by the mouth
27
Egestion
Removal of solid waste (materials not absorbed by the body)
27
Deglutition
The act or process of swallowing
28
Peristalsis
contractions that moves food down
28
Lipase
digests fats in the gallbladder
28
Amylase
digests carbohydrates in the saliva of the mouth
29
Pepsin
digests protein in the stomach
29
Gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
30
Mastication
chewing of food
31
Metabolism
body’s process of breaking down food molecules for energy
31
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach. Contains smooth muscle tissue that allows esophagus to relax and contract
31
Epiglottis
flap (valve) that prevents food from entering the trachea
32
Calcium
Strengthens bones and teeth, blood clotting, nervous system. Sources are Dairy, broccoli, tofu, salmon, yogurt, fruits and vegetables
33
Sodium
Maintains blood pressure, muscle/ nerve function
Too much=heart /blood pressure issues. Sources are table salt, condiments, meats, dairy, eggs, olives, pickles
34
Iron
Formation of hemoglobin which carries O2 to cells. Low=anemia.
Sources are meat, eggs, green veg, grains, nuts, legumes
35
Vitamin C
Water-Soluble (dissolves in water). Benefits: Fighting infection, antioxidants. Sources: Fruits, vegetables, dark green, orange.
36
Vitamin D
Fat-Soluble (stored in fat and not dissolvable). Benefits: Bones and teeth. Sources: Sunlight, dairy, eggs, salmon
37
Vitamin A
Fat-Soluble (stored in fat and not dissolvable).
Benefits: Skin, hair, tissue
Cell growth.
Sources: Vegetables, cheese, eggs
38
Calorie
measurement of energy used by food companies.
Teenage Male need 2700-3100 cal/day.
Teenage Female need 1700-2100 cal/day
38
Nutrient
chemical substances in food that your body needs for energy, growth and repair of tissues and regulation of bodily functions
39
Macronutrient
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
39
Inorganic
non-living. substances that also regulate vital body processes like: formation of bones and teeth (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium), production of red blood cells (iron and copper), maintain water balance (sodium and potassium)
40
Organic
from living things, substances that regulate vital body processes like digestion, absorption, and metabolism. 2 types of Vitamins: Water-Soluble (dissolves in water) Vitamin B, C, and Fat-Soluble (stored in fat and not dissolvable) Vitamin A, D, E, K
41
Water
carries other nutrients to cells, transports waste from cells, lubricates joints and mucous membranes, regulates body temperature (through perspiration), helps with swallowing and digesting food, keeps the body hydrated for functioning, good for hair, skin and complexion
42
Soluble
dissolves
43
cardiac valves
Aortic valve: prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta
Mitral valve: prevents backflow of blood from the left aorta to the left ventricle
Pulmonary valve: prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
43
pyloric sphincter
valve between the stomach and small intestine
43
Mumps
parotitis, A viral infection that causes the salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, to swell.
44
Fiber
a type of carbohydrate that your body can’t digest. It is a macronutrient found naturally in plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Fiber is not digestible by human enzymes, so it passes through the digestive system largely undigested until it reaches the colon or large intestine, where it is fermented by gut bacteria.
44
Crohn's disease
chronic inflammatory disease in the intestines, usually producing ulcers
45
Ectomorph
slim figure
45
Endomorph
larger, more round shape
46
Mesomorph
muscular frame, medium build
46
Vitamins
organic (from living things) substances that regulate vital body processes like digestion, absorption, and metabolism
47
Minerals
inorganic (non-living) substances that also regulate vital body processes like: formation of bones and teeth (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium), production of red blood cells (iron and copper), maintain water balance (sodium and potassium)
47
Chyme
contents in the stomach mixed with gastric juice (enzymes and hydrochloric acid)
48
Micronutrients
vitamins, minerals, water
48
Fat Soluble
stored in fat and not dissolvable. Vitamin A, D, E, K
48
Dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
49
Lactase
milk enzyme
50
Hemophobic
abnormal fear of blood
51
Encephalogram
x-ray of brain
51
Arthritis
joint inflammation
52
Carcinogen
producing cancer
52
Psychology
study of the mind
52
Vasodilation
widening of vessels
53
Histogram
x-ray of tissue
53
Hysterectomy
removal of uterus
53
Neurologist
someone who specializes in nerve studies
53
Neonatal
new birth
54
Malnutrition
bad diet
54
Photograph
instrument to record light
54
Anesthesia
temporary memory loss
54
Premenstrual
before woman cycle
54
electrocardiograph (ECG)
instrument used to record electricity of heart
55
Microorganism
small living thing
55
Physiology
study of function of living things
55
retrograde motion
orbital motion of a spatial body in a direction that is opposite of what is normal in a given system
55
Photosynthesis
biological process of turning light energy into chemical energy
55
Trimester
3 months
55
Thermo-electric
heat into electrical energy
55
Leukocyte
white blood cell
55
Cytology
study of cells
55
Hematoma
blood outside blood vessels
56
Intercellular
between cells
56
Intracellular
inside cells
56
Osteoma
benign tumor of bone
56
Microcyte
small cell
56
Atherectomy
procedure to remove plaque from an artery (blood vessel) and restore blood flow to the heart
56
periodontal disease
disease of inflammation outside of gums
56
Hyperthyroidism
over Production of thyroid hormone
56
Iridology
study of iris of eyes
56
Macrobiotics
big living things
56
asymptomatic
no symptoms shown
56
cholecystectomy
removal of gallbladder
57
electromyograph (EMG)
instrument recording electricity of skeletal muscles
57
Neuralgia
pain in nerves
57
Hydrotherapy
water treatment
57
electrodermal response (EDR)
The electrodermal response (EDR) is a physiological phenomenon that measures the changes in the electrical properties of the skin in response to various stimuli
57
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that many women experience in the days leading up to their menstrual period
57
Psychosomatic
social, psychological, behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals
57
Psychodynamic
revealing the unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate psychic tension
57
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the sinuses
57
Triglycerides
fat in the blood
57
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein clotting
57
Biology
study of living organisms
57
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
57
Hyperthermia
disease from too much heat
58
Abdominohysterectomy
Removal of the uterus via an incision made in the abdominal wall rather than via the vagina
58
Psychology
study of the mind
58
Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
58
Postpartum
after birth
58
Gynecologist
specializes in the health of the female organs
58
Mammogram
x-ray of the breast that uses low doses of radiation
58
Biopsy
procedure to remove cells, tissue or fluid
58
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth
58
Apnea
breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep
58
Sternocleidomastoid
Paired muscle of the neck that traverses the neck. Under ear and from ear to the collar bone
58
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
58
Pericarditis
inflammation around the heart
59
Euphoria
good feelings
59
Antacid
neutralizes stomach acidity, used to relieve heartburn
59
Post-mortem
autopsy, viewing of body after death
59
Ileostomy
redirects the small intestine through an opening in the abdomen (belly)
59
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the embryo outside the uterine cavity
59
Epilepsy
neurological disease causing seizures
59
Hemophiliac
blood loving
59
Hypertrophy
muscle fibers do not fully develop to their normal size, resulting in small fibers that have not matured properly
59
Dysuria
sensation of pain and/or burning, stinging, or itching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination
59
Thermometer
Device that measures temperature or a temperature
59
Vasectomy
removal of vasa
59
Neuropathy
nerves that carry messages between your brain and spinal cord get damaged
59
List the 5 types of shapes of bones and give one example of each.
LONG BONES- humerus, femur, phalanges, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle
SHORT BONES- carpals, tarsals
FLAT BONES- scapula, cranium, ribs, ilium, sternum
IRREGULAR BONES- all vertebrae (coccyx, sacrum), face (zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal)
SESAMOID BONES- patella
59
What are the 2 goals of nutritional fitness?
To maintain a balance of the 3 food groups
To maintain a balance of the 3 macronutrients and 3 micronutrients
59
What are the 5 main functions of bones?
Provide rigid support and structure for body
Protect brain and vital organs
Crucial to locomotion as they provide sites of attachment for muscles
Provide a reservoir for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
Produce and store blood cells
59
What are the 3 causes of fractures?
Osteoporosis
Aging
Injury
59
Name the 3 types of muscles, where they are found, as well as whether they are voluntary or involuntary
Skeletal Muscle- Attached to skeleton, Voluntary control, fibers are Elongated, cylindrical, blunt ends, Striations Present, most rapid speed of contraction, least likely ability to remain contracted
Smooth Muscle- Walls of all organs eg. stomach, intestines, etc., Involuntary control, fibers are Elongated, spindle-shaped, pointed ends, Striations absent, slowest speed of contraction, greatest ability to remain contracted
Cardiac Muscle- Walls of heart, Involuntary control, fibers are Elongated, cylindrical fibers that branch, striations are Present, intermediate speed of contraction and ability to remain contracted
59
Name the 6 types of nutrients needed in your diet, and state whether they are macronutrients or micronutrients
Carbohydrates, macronutrient
Protein, macronutrient
Fats, macronutrient
Vitamins, micronutrient
Minerals, micronutrient
Water, micronutrient
59
Name 3 types of joints
garments are tough, cord-like tissues that connect bone to bone.
Tendons are tough, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones.
Muscles are bundles of specialized cells that contract to produce movement when stimulated by nerves.
59
Give 3 reasons why people should not try certain diets
They don’t have balance in nutrients, meaning people may get too much of nutrients than others
Can cause symptoms of other things that aren’t the goal, causing more problems
Body needs foods to be different, and not the same thing every time
59
The amount of food a person should consume daily, depends on 4 factors. What are they?
AGE- the older you get, the less food you need (metabolism slows down)
SEX- males are larger and have a higher metabolism, so need to eat more
ACTIVITY LEVEL- the more active you are, the more calories you need
HEALTH CONDITIONS/ PREGNANCY calorie amount and type of diet will vary eg. Diabetes, IBD, Crohn's
Height and weight- more needs more
59
Name the 3 blood vessels of the cardiovascular system and explain the difference between them
Arteries
Elastic blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart
Artery expands with surge of blood during contraction of ventricles, then snaps back during relaxation of ventricles
Under a great amount of pressure
Have thicker walls to withstand pressure; will spurt when cut
Can vary in size
Veins
Elastic blood vessels that carry blood TOWARD the heart
Can’t contract to help move blood back to heart
Have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backward
Blood is at a lower pressure
Thinner wall than arteries
Can vary in size
Capillaries
Extremely small blood vessels located within the tissues of the body
Fine network
Transports blood from arteries to veins
Exchange O2 with CO2 and nutrients with waste
Thin walled
Allow substances to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues
59
Name the 4 major valves of the heart and explain the difference between them
2 Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
1.Tricuspid valve (3 flaps)- between the right atrium and right ventricle
2. Bicuspid valve (2 flaps and called mitral valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle
2 Semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve- between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic valve -between the left ventricle and the aorta
60
What are the two main roles of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation of nutrients to the organs of body
Regulation of body temperature, pH, and waste products
60
Mrs. T went to see a pathologist, regarding the dermatoma she found on her arm. She was then sent to an oncologist for more testing. She was told that she doesn't have enough antioxidants in her diet. She has to get chemotherapy for her cancer. By defining the underlined words, explain what is happening in this case study.
She went to see a pathologist, who examines bodies and body tissues by testing and using the lab.
She went to see a pathologist because of the dermatoma on her arm, which is the area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibers.
She was to sent to see an oncologist, who is a doctor who specialize in diagnosing and treating types of cancer
She doesn't have enough antioxidants in her diet, which are natural molecules that help neutralize harmful free radicals in our bodies
She has to get chemotherapy, which is drug therapy against cancer, which is abnormal growth of cancer cells
60
Study of movement
Kinesiology
60
Poorly nourished
malnutrition
60
Person who studies the nerves
neurologist
60
Inflammation of the skin
dermatitis
60
Removal of the uterus
hysterectomy
60
Cancerous tumor
malignant
60
Incision of a joint
arthrotomy
60
Study of cells
cytology
60
A recording of tissue
histogram
60
Inflammation of a joint
arthritis
60
Good feeling
euphoria
60
A slow heart rate
bradycardia
60
Inflammation around the heart
pericarditis
61
Person who studies female body
gynecologist
61
Not breathing
apnea
61
Study of living things
biology
61
Disease of the nerves
neuropathy
61
Instrument used to measure heat
thermometer
61
X-ray of the breast
mammogram
61
Tumor in the blood
hemo sarcoma
61
Inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
61
Nerve pain
Neuralgia
61
Treatment with use of water
Hydrotherapy
61
Study of the mind
psychology
61
Removal of a gland
Adrenalectomy
61
ectopia
displacement
61
persia
Digestion
61
sclerosis
hardening
62
ptosis
Falling/displacement downward
62
esthesia
sensation
62
Algia
Pain
62
phobia
fear
62
ostomy
creating an opening
62
otomy
creating an incision
62
stenosis
Narrowing
62
Thrombo
Clot
62
Capillaries
tiny blood vessels which line the alveoli
62
Tachypnea
high, fast respirations
62
Cilia
hair-like structures, trap bacteria and dirt
63
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen in body tissue
63
Alveoli
sacs used for air exchange
63
Bronchi
2 main tubes that branch off trachea
63
Apnea
absence of breathing
63
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
63
Lungs
2 cone shaped organs used in breathing/respiration
63
Bronchioles
tiny tubules leading from bronchi into lungs
64
Diaphragm
pulls up and down, expanding size of chest cavity
64
Bradypnea
shallow respirations
64
Orthopnea
person must sit or stand to breath
64
Cyanosis
bluish discolouration of the skin, lips, nails
64
Rate
single cycle of respiration
64
Hypoventilation
less than 10 respirations per minute
64
Hyperventilation
respiratory rate greater than 24 per minute
64
Tidal volume
amount of air moved in a normal respiration
64
Vital capacity
expiratory, inspiratory and tidal volumes
65
What is the difference between respiration and breathing
Breathing: is the mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs
Respiration: is the chemical process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the outside air and the cells
65
List the 4 categories of medicine
prevent diseases
fights pathogens
Relieve pain
helps heart and regulate blood sugar
65
Name 3 of the 5 types of cardiovascular medicines available.
beta blockers- block the action of nerves that constrict blood vessels, slowing heart rate and lowering blood pressure.
Diuretics- increase urine production to reduce the amount of water and sodium in a person’s body.
Vasodilators- dilate the veins and arteries to increase blood and oxygen flow.
Antiarrhythmics- are used to treat arrhythmia (disturbances in the rhythm of the heart.
clot- lower high blood pressure and help prevent clots.
65
What is the difference between the common cold and bronchitis?
Common cold: inflammation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract
Bronchitis: an acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree. Caused by bacterial infection or by irritants (such as smoke or chemicals) in the inhaled air
65
Describe any of the 2 types of dental anesthesia used, any 2 types of dental X-rays, and 2 types of fillings.
Aesthesia
1.General anesthesia- substance is inhaled as a gas; patient unconscious, long recovery time
2.Topical anesthesia- substance applied directly to gums or mouth for pain relief on immediate surface; mild infections
3.Local anesthesia- applied by injection to gums or mouth; patient alert
4.Neuroleptic anesthesia- substance applied intravenously, slight consciousness to unconscious; recovery time less
X-rays
1. Periapical X-ray- complete side views from root to crown of teeth;24 films
2. Bitewing X-ray- crowns and part of roots are seen for 2-3 adjacent teeth; patient bites down on surface
3. Panoramic X-ray- machine makes complete half circle from ear to ear; 2 dimensional pic of all teeth
4. Occlusal X-ray- large x-ray to show whole bite of upper and lower jaw
Fillings
1. Composite fillings- made from a resin and particles mixed; naturally white, very simple and common on front teeth usually; not as strong as metal ones
2. Porcelain fillings- same material as china; made by hardening mold and baking at high temp; easy match color of teeth but brittle and hard to administer
3. Gold fillings- long lasting but more complicated and expensive, many visits
4. Silver (amalgam)- mix of silver and mercury and is soft to fit tooth then hardens; cheaper and easier and lasts
65
Endodontist
specializes in diseases of tooth pulp
65
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
specializes on surgery of the teeth and bones of jaw, jawbone or face
66
Orthodontist
specializes on correcting abnormally aligned or positioned teeth
66
Pediatric Dentist
specializes on children’s teeth
66
Periodontist
specializes on gums (reshaping -gingivoplasty or removal-gingivectomy)
66
Prosthodontist
specializes in replacement of missing teeth by bridges (implants) and dentures
66
Halitosis
bad breath
67
TMD
temporomandibular disorder; tender, swelling, clicking of jaw
67
Trench Mouth
acute painful infection of gums with bad odor and bleeding; non contagious
67
Canker Sore
ulcer in mouth/lips; viral infection
68
Impacted Tooth
tooth blocked by adjacent tooth preventing it from erupting through gums
68
Gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
68
Crowns
Artificial "top" cemented on damaged tooth
69
Dentures
artificial teeth
69
Braces
Bands, wires, ceramic to align/correct teeth
69
Bridges
Support tooth in between 2 healthy teeth
69
Onlay
Large filling when part of a tooth is replaced
69
Root canal
4 step process when inner pulp is damaged
69
Fluoride
Chemical substance strengthens tooth enamel
69
Prosthetics
Dental implants
69
Sealants
Substance added to biting tooth to prevent decay
70
Splints
Loose tooth is wired to solid tooth
70
Board certifies
Dentist approved by American Dental Society
70
Autoclave
Equipment used to clean dental instruments
70
Enamel
outer layer of tooth
70
Dentin
layer of tooth after enamel
70
Cementum
hard substance that covers the root of tooth
71
pulp
heart of the tooth
71
Root
in tooth socket and provides support for tooth
71
Apex
tip of root
71
Gums
tissue that surrounds the tooth
72
Curettage
scraping off of plaque to bottom of gum tissue
72
Gingivectomy
to remove gum tissue
72
Gingivoplasty
to reshape the gums
72
Epidemic
disease present at same time in people
72
Endemic
disease continuously present in an area
72
Incidence
occurrence of a disease
72
Idiopathic
disorder without a known cause
72
Antiseptic
chemical agent used to destroy bacteria
72
Asepsis
no disease-causing organisms present
72
Protozoology
study of one-celled animals
72
Fungi
causes mycotic infections
73
Etiology
study of the cause of a disorder
73
Diagnosis
process of determining an illness
73
Disinfectant
put on living things to prevent bacteria
73
Microbiology
study of very small organisms
73
Host
what microbe survives/feeds from
73
sterilization
kills ALL living things (germs) on an object
73
communicable
contagious, germs easily transferred
73
Syndrome
Sign and symptoms that occur together
73
Protozoa
one celled animal cell with no cell wall eg. amoeba, paramecium. have legs and tails and some are pathogenic parasites eg. Plasmodium causes a world wide debilitating disease called Malaria
73
Bacteria
one celled microbe that can be harmful (pathogenic) or helpful in your immune system
73
Virus
smallest microbe NOT alive like bacteria
73
Aerobe
bacteria that needs oxygen to live
73
Anaerobe
bacteria that doesn’t need oxygen to live Ex. tetanus & gangrene
73
Vector
something that carries and spreads pathogens (caused by viruses or protozoa) eg. mosquito
73
Chemotherapy
chemical treatment given to kill diseased cells
73
Congenital
disease present at birth
73
acute disorders
diseases/ illnesses of short duration but can still be deadly
73
chronic disorders
diseases/ illnesses of long duration (or over time) and can be deadly
73
auto-immune disease
Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks other systems in the body, like it is attacking a germ
73
Hyperplasia
an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue
74
Benign Tumors
More favorable outcome
Encapsulated, non-invasive
Remains at original site
Highly differentiated
Mitosis rare
Slow growth
74
Malignant Tumors
Often fatal outcome
Non-encapsulated, invasive
May metastasize
Tendency to de-differentiate
Mitosis common
Fast growth
74
Describe the part, structure, liquid, organs, and cells that make up the second line of defense of the immune system.
Second Line of Defense: Non-specific cells will work to fight the virus after detecting an invader.
1. THE LYMPH SYSTEM
This system contains lymph, which is a clearish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients, and flows through the body in the capillaries. The lymph system detects and filters out bacteria.
Different parts of your body have lymph nodes, which contain filtering tissue and lymph cells. When fighting bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacterial cells to indicate an infection.
2. THE THYMUS
This organ is in your chest, between your breast bone and heart.
It produces T-cells, which bump into abnormal cells and kill them.
3. THE SPLEEN
Spleen filters the blood looking for foreign cells, and replaces old red blood cells. (It can be removed but you would get sick more often)
4. BONE MARROW
Marrow produces red blood cells, and also stem cells, which are cells that can branch off and become any type of cell. (like WBC’s)
5. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Also called leukocytes, WBC are independent and move on their own to capture germs. They do not divide or reproduce on their own. There are many 3 classes of leukocytes, with different functions.
Granulocytes (most), lymphocytes (B-cells/T-cells), monocytes (least and develop into macrophages)
74
What is the radius in location to the ulna in the anatomical position?
lateral
74
The skin is ______________ compared to the liver
superficial
74
The gluteus maximus is ____________ to the ribs.
posterior
74
When turning your palms face up to carry something, this movement is referred to
supination
74
Bone tissue is called
osseous
74
The main mineral found in bones is
calcium
74
Muscles are mostly made up of
protein
74
There are _______ bones in the body and about _______ muscles
206 and 650
74
All of the following are ways to name muscles EXCEPT
amount of fibres
74
When standing on the inside of your foot it is called
eversion
74
Which types of cancer usually spread (metastasize) to the bones
lung, breast
74
What is the proper order from superior to inferior of the vertebrae and the correct number for each?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
74
What part of our face do we wear our masks?
anterior side, superior to nose and laterally on our ears
74
Which statement(s) is true about actin and myosin?
They are muscle proteins
These proteins give the muscle a striated appearance
74
What muscle is used for dorsi-flexion?
tibialis anterior
74
epiphysis
ends of long bone
74
ligament
attaches bone to bone
75
tendon
attaches muscle to bone
75
Bouchard nodes
found at the middle part of the finger from Rheumatoid arthritis
75
Herberden nodes
found at the end part of the finger from Rheumatoid arthritis
75
joint
where 2 bones unite
75
diaphysis
middle shaft of long bone
75
rotation
movement of a joint about it's axis
75
circumduction
movement in a circular motion
75
periosteum
outer membrane of bone
75
endosteum
inner membrane of bone
75
What is your cheek bone called?
zygomatic
75
What is TRUE about the flexor-pronator muscles?
can turn palms face down
they are on the medial side of forearm
opposite movement of extensor-supinator
75
ectopia
displacement of
75
opsy
to view
75
sclerosis
hardening
75
ectomy
removal of
75
esthesia
sensation
75
algia
pain
75
phobia
fear
75
ostomy
creating an opening
75
otomy
cutting into
75
gen
producing
75
path
disease
75
emia
blood condition
75
inter
in between
75
hemo
blood
75
intra
within
76
fast breathing
tachypnea
76
white blood cells
leukocyte
76
instrument used to view the heart
cardiograph
76
instrument used to view the head
cephalograph
76
xray of the brain
encephalogram
76
xray of the head
cephalogram
76
slow heart rate
bradycardia
76
red blood cell
erythrocyte
76
myo
muscle
76
myelin
marrow
76
myc
fungi
76
takes away sensation
anesthesia
76
takes away pain
analgesic
76
electrocardiograph (ECG)
Instrument used to view the heart using electricity
76
osteoma
tumour of the bone
76
Asymptomatic
without symptoms but can still carry disease
76
cholecystectomy
One will remove a bile filled cyst or gallbladder
76
Septicemia
when there is bacteria in your blood
76
dermatologist
one who studies the skin
76
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
76
The state of hypothermia pertains to
low temperature or heat
76
abdominohysterectomy
the uterus is removed through the abdominal area
76
Dysplasia
abnormal growth
76
ileostomy
open up the ileum in the small intestine
76
carcinogen
something that causes cancer
77
neonatal
new birth
77
Lactase
milk enzyme
77
drooping kidney
nephroptosis
77
Pertaining to an unknown disease
idiopathic
77
Incision of a joint
arthrotomy
77
Pertaining to large living things
macrobiotics
77
A small cell
microcyte
77
cranioschisis
split of the head or skull
77
Pertaining to excessive sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
77
Instrument using electricity to take a picture of a muscle
electromyograph
77
mastectomy
removal of breast
77
psychosomatic
social, psychological, behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals
77
Treatment with use of water
hydrotherapy
77
Inflammation around the teeth
periodontitis
77
A muscle with three heads
tricep
77
Cell destruction
cytolysis
77
Bluish appearance
cyanosis
77
Inflammation of a vein from a clot
thrombophlebitis
77
Swelling from fluid in the lungs
pulmonary edema
77
cartilage cells
chondrocyte
77
What is true about the term used for the movement of food down digestive tract?
it is called peristalsis
it starts in the esophagus
it is an example of mechanical digestion
77
swallowing
it is called deglutition
it occurs after ingestion
peristalsis follows
77
The pathway that food travels from mouth to anus is called
the alimentary canal
77
What is the medical term for chewing called?
mastification
78
fibre
prepares waste
you need 30 g per day
78
large intestine
is thicker than small intestine but not longer
is also known as the colon
absorb water and prepare waste
78
The small intestine
absorbs nutrients
has villi
is 6.5 m long
78
liver
produces bile
detoxifies food
regenerates
78
gall bladder
stores bile
break down fat using lipase
can release excess bile that hardens into stones
78
Metabolism
the burning of calories
can increase with weight training
can increase by eating more often in small amounts
78
Which mineral in hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen to cells
iron
78
Which mineral is responsible for regulating blood pressure?
Sodium
78
A healthy percentage of body fat for a female teenager is
15-25%
78
The definition of taking in food is
ingestion
78
The definition of eliminating food is
egestion
78
HDL
good cholesterol that clears arteries
high density lipoprotein
78
LDL
bad cholesterol that clogs arteries
low density lipoprotein
78
Vitamin K
promotes blood clotting, synthesis of protein
78
Vitamin A
helps with cell growth, skin, hair, tissues
helps with vision
78
Vitamin E
protects cells
78
Vitamin C
helps resist infection, antioxidant
78
Vitamin D
helps control infection, reduce inflammation
helps bones and teeth
get from sunlight
can be obtained from dairy products and eggs
78
Vitamin B
building proteins, red blood cells, nerves
improves metabolism
helps with vision
78
What is the role of the esophageal sphincter?
to prevent back flow of food from stomach to esophagus
78
What is true about the flap above the esophagus and trachea?
it prevents food from entering trachea instead of esophagus
it is the epiglottis
78
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
to prevent back flow of food from small intestine to stomach
78
What is the role of the uvula?
to prevent back flow of food in nasal cavity
78
A healthy percentage of body fat for a male teenager is
10-20%
78
Healthy nutrition includes which of the following?
eating a variety of foods
avoiding processed foods
eating many small healthy meals all day
78
macronutrients
protein, fat and carbohydrates are all examples
you need them in larger amounts
79
The hormone that helps regulate sugar in our cells is called
insulin
79
What is the small organ on the right side of the body on the most inferior end of the large intestine?
appendix
79
Which food groups examples have been eliminated or renamed from old food guide into the new food guide?
milk, cheese and yogurt
beef, pork and eggs
79
stretching of esophagus
heartburn
79
inflammation of the stomach & intestines
gastroenteritis
79
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
79
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
79
autoimmune disease of intestines
Chrohn's disease
79
low acid in stomach
hypoactivity
79
high acid in stomach
hyperactivity
79
inflammation of one of the salivary glands
parotitis
79
excessive gas
flatulence
79
stomach contents and gastric juice
chyme
79
hydrochloric acid and enzymes
gastric juice
79
food and saliva mixed in mouth
bolus
79
How many pumps, chambers and valves are in the heart?
2, 4, 4
79
The term “systolic” refers to
the louder stronger pulse sound
120 mmhg on average adult blood pressure reading
contraction of the ventricles
79
Blood traveling from the heart to the lungs
leaves heart through pulmonary artery
goes through pulmonary valve
travelled from right ventricle
79
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the cells?
left
79
Blood vessels that carry blood TOWARDS the heart are called
veins
vena cava
79
Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart are
arteries
aorta
79
What is the name/names of the heart muscle?
cardiac muscle
myocardium
79
The term “renal” refers to blood vessels associated with the
kidneys
79
The term “hepatic” refers to blood vessels associated with the
liver
79
The term “diastolic” refers to
the bottom number on blood pressure reading
the point where pulse sound is faint
the "dub" part of heart beat
79
The top two chambers of the heart are called
atria
79
valves
prevent backflow of blood through the heart
them shutting are part of the sounds of your heart rate
veins have valves
79
The main large blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from the bottom half of the body is the
inferior vena cava
79
The longest vein in the body is the
saphenous vein
79
erythrocytes
45% of blood
79
leukocytes
1% of blood
80
plasma
55% of blood
80
platelets
clotting cells
80
embolism
blockage anywhere in body
80
pericardium
outer layer of heart
80
myocardium
where heart muscle is located
80
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
80
infarct
blockage in the heart
80
ischemia
blockage in brain
80
pulmonary
lungs
80
The blood vessel that supplies the heart with oxygen is
coronary artery
80
The average resting heart rate for an adult is
60-80 beats per min
80
Which statement(s) is NOT true about the heart
The heart muscle can regenerate
you should not try to reach your target heart rate
80
Blood returning to the heart from the body organs enters the
right atrium though the vena cava
80
cytometer
instrument to count blood cells
80
sphygmomanometer
instrument for blood pressure
80
radial artery
wrist pulse
80
carotid artery
neck pulse
80
thrombo
clot
80
electrocardiograph
instrument to measure heart
80
pacemaker
stabilizes heart rate
81
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
81
tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
81
brachial artery
where blood pressure cuff goes on
81
median cubutal vein
where blood is taken from
81
The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is called the
pulmonary valve
81
The only vein that transports oxygen-rich blood is the
pulmonary vein
81
Transferring blood from one person to another is called a/an
blood transfusion
81
Hardening of the arteries is called
arteriosclerosis
81
Which of the following represents the flow of de-oxygenated blood leaving the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs
81
The largest vein in the body is the
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
81
To stop hemorrhaging in a lower extremity, one can compress this vessel
femoral artery
81
Extreme bleeding is called
hemorrhage
81
A diseased portion of an artery can be replaced by a blood vessel from the person’s own body. The blood vessel often used is the
saphenous vein
81
Such signs as cold, clammy skin, very low blood pressure, shallow breathing suggests a person
is in shock
81
When the amount of sugar content in the blood is excessive, this condition is called
hyperglycemia
81
A severe pain felt in the region of the heart, left arm and shoulder
is called angina pectoris
are early signs of a heart attack
81
Cell death caused by lack of nutrients to the cells can be associated with
necrosis
heart attack
diabetic gangrene
infarct
81
The term to describe abnormalities of the heart, present from birth, is called
congenital heart disease
81
A normal blood pressure reading for an adult is
120/80
81
Hemorrhoids are swollen and tortuous veins located in the
rectum
81
The hepatic portal vein transports blood
from gastrointestinal tract to liver
81
Most common donated organs
kidney
liver
81
What is the correct order of blood flow leaving heart, then going back to heart
aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava
81
"The role of the left side of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood, which has just returned from the lungs, and is going to the rest of the body." This explains the:
systemic circulation
81
The heart is made up of which different types of tissues:
nerve tissue
cardiac muscle tissue
connective tissue
82
Term used for a course of treatment given by a physician is called
therapy
82
streptococci
causes scarlet fever
causes septicemia
causes strept throat
releases a poisonous toxin
82
The science that deals specifically with the structure and parts of living things is called
anatomy
82
The most effective environment for microbes is
Dust
82
The science that specifically deals with the function of a living thing is called
physiology
82
Invasion of body by pathogenic microorganisms is called
infection
82
Cancer of the skin is called
melanoma
82
Presently the most prevalent, contagious disease of the reproductive tract is
Gonorrhea
82
auto-immune diseases
vitiligo
diabetes
AIDS
Chrohn's disease
Multiple Sclerosis
lupus
82
When a bacteria is able to be destroyed it is said to be in what form or state?
vegetative
active
82
When a bacteria is resting and not able to be destroyed it is said to be in which form or state
spore
resistant
82
The abnormal growth of cells is known as
dysplasia
82
The excessive growth of cells in one area is known as
hyperplasia
82
Congenital
present at birth
82
An auto- immune disease is
when immune system attacks other organ systems
similar to allergies in the way it acts
82
epidemic
disease present in people
82
endemic
disease present in an area
82
idiology
study of unknown diseases
82
etiology
study of causes of disease
82
incidence
rate of disease/illness
82
diagnosis
determining an illness
82
antiseptic
fights bacteria
82
asepsis
absence of bacteria
82
facultative anaerobe
bacteria that lives with/without air
82
anaerobe
bacteria that lives without air
82
toxins
poison released from pathogen
82
pasteurization
process of heating-cooling milk
82
degeneration
aging/deterioration of living things
82
cross infection
pathogens from one person to another
82
cross contamination
pathogens from object to person
83
protozoology
study of one-celled animals
83
peristology
study of parasites like tapeworms
83
sterilization
killing all germs on surface
83
disinfectant
killing most germs on surface
83
microbiology
study of small living things
83
Forecast or likely course of a disease
prognosis
83
Lack of Vitamin D in one's diet can lead to
rickets
osteoporsis
83
What is the name of the roundworm parasite found in the cyst of a pig (in humans thru pork) in uncooked pigs
trichinella spiralis
83
An infection can spread from one person to another in a variety of ways. Touching the blood of someone who is infected is an example of:
Direct contact
83
Vector-borne transmission happens when
A bug bites an infected person, then bites you
83
Calling out for help, assessing hazards of the area, and counting how many casualties are present are part of the:
Scene survey
83
The “C” of “ABC”s stands for
Circulation
83
When a person is semi-conscious
Their eyes are partially open
They are confused and don't make sense
83
220-age is the formula used to calculate
Maximum heart rate
83
Two common places to take an adult's pulse are
Radial artery
carotid artery
83
The medical term for a heart rate that is faster than normal is
Tachycardia
83
The “I” in RICE for injuries stands for
Ice
83
sprain
The tearing of ligaments
83
A discoloured area of the skin that is created when blood and other fluids seep into nearby tissue can be called a
Bruise
Contusion
83
If a person is choking and can verbally tell you they are choking you should:
Encourage them to keep coughing but stay close by
83
Which type of bleeding is the most serious and characterized by spurting blood
Arterial
83
Facial droop, difficulty speaking, and trouble seeing are all common signs of:
stroke
83
When a diabetic person has low blood sugar, they are
Hypogylcemic
83
The “E” in RICE stands for
elevation
83
When you arrive at an accident with very injured people and other people are around, you should
Specifically pick a person to call 911 and report back to you
check hazards
83
What is first aid?
Care you give a person until advanced care arrives
83
When washing your hands you should always
Use soap
wash before and after treating wounds if possible
83
When removing gloves after doing first aid, you should
Pull the cuff towards the fingers inside out
Put glove from one hand on the palm of other gloved hand
Wash hands after disposing of gloves
Dispose of dirty gloves appropriately
83
As a first aid provider you should do CPR when
Person is unconscious and has no pulse
83
The “P “ in the acronym “SAMPLE” used during a secondary survey stands for
Past history
84
The Secondary Survey is performed only if
the casualty has more than one injury
84
When a person has a nosebleed the first aid provider should make sure the person
Pinch their nose where the cartilage meets the bone
84
If you suspect a neck or spinal injury of a conscious victim at the scene of an accident, you should do ALL of the following
Move victim if they are in danger of losing their life
Hold victim’s head and neck in a stable position until help arrives
call 911
84
For severe puncture wounds, first aid should include
Keep direct pressure on wound
84
For adult CPR a person must be
8 years or older
84
Which statements are TRUE when dealing with an anaphylactic attack
call 911
allergic reaction can be fatal
epi-pen should be administered to the side of the thigh
84
During a seizure it is important to
not try and control victim's movements
loosen tight clothing around neck if necessary
place something soft under head
84
Which statements are TRUE about the AED
it stands for automated external defibrillator
you may have to shave or dry chest to administer pads
it will give shock if there is atrio ventricular defibrillation
84
Checking ABC's, head tilt chin lift, look/listen/feel, are all part of the
primary survey
airway, breathing and circulation check
84
A _____________ is a protective, sterile covering(s) used to control bleeding, absorb blood from wound, and prevent further contamination.
dressing
gauze
84
When dealing with an amputation first aid provider should
treat person for shock
call 911
control bleeding at wound with a bandage
put amputated appendage in a moist dressing in a bag then on ice
84
When treating a person for shock, you should
give warmth
reassure them
treat injuries
check airway, breathing, circulation
put them in a semi-prone position
84
In the acronym FAST when dealing with stroke, the S stands for
slurred speech
84
Which of the following are true about STROKE
time is of the urgency
cold clammy skin
limited arm movement
84
What are the 3 C's in order for Primary Survey?
check, call, care
84
Which of the following are common causes of shock?
Excessive bleeding
Anaphylactic Allergic reaction
Observation of trauma
84
What are the two stages of a seizure?
tonic and clonic
84
permanent teeth
They erupt about 6 years old
They are usually complete done erupting by age 17-21
84
primary teeth
They are baby teeth
They start to fall out around 6 years old
84
Periodontist
Deals with gums and gum disease
84
Oral and Maxillo Surgeon
Works with mouth and chin issues
84
Endodonist
Deals with tooth pulp
84
Prosthodontist
Works with fake teeth
84
Pediatric Dentist
Child dentist
84
Dentist
Does routine checkups and fillings
84
Orthodonist
Helps with aligning teeth and braces
84
Dental Hygienist
Assists dentist and does cleanings
84
Dental Assistant
Assists dentist with procedures
84
reshaping of the gums
gingivoplasty
85
viral ulcer in mouth or lips
canker Sore
85
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
85
clicking of the jaw
Temporal Mandibular Disorder
85
large filling
onlay
85
when a tooth blocks adjacent tooth
impacted tooth
85
tartar
calculus
85
food left on teeth
plaque
85
painful infection orally
Trench Mouth
85
removal of the gums
gingivectomy
85
crowns
Artificial “top” cemented on damaged tooth
85
braces
Bands, wires, ceramic to align/correct teeth
85
bridge
Support tooth in between 2 healthy teeth
85
autoclave
sterilizing machine
85
sealants
Substance added to tooth to prevent decay
85
splints
loose tooth is wired to solid tooth
85
fluoride
Chemical substance strengthens tooth enamel
85
halitosis
bad breath
85
dentures
artificial teeth
85
prosthetics
anything fake in health care
85
The procedure needed when inner pulp is damaged to the root is called
root canal
85
The procedure that measures depth of teeth and gums
perio charting
85
The process of scraping off of plaque to bottom of gum tissue
curretage
85
The process of scraping off of plaque down to the root is called
root planning
scaling
85
When one is approved by the American Dental Association they are said to be
Board Certified
85
The sharp, pointy teeth with longest root are called
canines
cuspids
85
What filling is the cheapest and easiest to administer and maintain?
amalgam
85
Which anesthetic uses gas, has the longest recovery time and patient is unconscious?
general
85
Which statement(s) are TRUE about anesthetics?
local allows person to be alert
topical does not require any recovery time
85
Which X-ray shows a 2 dimensional picture of the whole mouth of teeth?
panoramic
85
occlusal X-rays
picture of upper and lower jaw
picture of whole bite
they are large
85
periapical X-rays
14-24 films
85
What are the causes of periodontal disease
smoking
hormonal changes
poor hygiene
certain diseases
85
_______________ is a sickness that occurs when the alveoli fill with pus and other liquid resulting in gas exchange not occurring
pneumonia
86
Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is called
common cold
86
Narrowed bronchi and bronchioles, making it hard to breathe is common in people with
asthma
86
A disease characterized by stretching and destruction of the walls of the alveoli is called
emphysema
86
Inflammation of the bronchial tree is called
bronchitis
86
Reactions to medicines that are not intended are called
side effects
86
When medicines are taken together for a positive result this is called
additive effect
86
When two or more medicines are taken together for a greater, negative effect, this is called
synergistic
86
When someone stops using a drug that they are dependent on and experience harmful signs and symptoms they
are going through withdrawal effects
86
When a person needs more of a drug to get the same effects as before this is called
tolerance
86
What is the current issue with antibiotics
They are losing effectiveness
Humans are overusing them
Humans get antibiotics from meat also
Bacteria is mutating and becoming resistant
86
Which are the 3 types of pleura membranes from superficial to deep?
parietal, intrapleural, visceral
86
Beta-Blockers
lower blood pressure
block action of nerves that constrict blood vessels
86
Vasodilators
lower blood pressure
dilate (widen) veins and arteries
86
Clot dissolving heart medication
help blood pressure by preventing clots
86
Diuretics
increase urine production to reduce sodium in blood
86
New techniques in medical research to identify bacterial genes and enzymes in anti-biotic resistant bacteria is (are)
biochemistry
crystallography
86
What healthy brain chemical or chemicals are released during exercise?
serotonin
dopamine
endorphins
86
How does aging affect the respiratory system?
lungs become less elastic
cilia are not as effective
86
hormone released during distress
it suppresses the immune system
it is cortisol
86
What is the ratio of Inspiration to Expiration in a normal human being?
1:2
86
A new generation of broad spectrum antibiotics that kill a variety of bacteria including penicillin resistant strains are called
cephalosporins
86
What is the normal amount of respirations per minute for an adult?
12-20
86
Which areas should you assess for someone's respiratory character during first aid?
rate of breathing
86
For air to enter lungs, 2 actions must occur
intercostal muscles cause rib cage to move outward and upward expanding chest cavity
diaphragm is pulled downward expanding the chest cavity
86
healthy chemicals of the brain?
endorphins and serotonin are released through weight lifting
sun exposure or meditation release serotonin
endorphins are the natural pain killer
86
Strokes
blood supply to the brain is reduced or interrupted
F-facial droop
A-arm lift
S-speech may slur
T-time is crusial, call 911
might be TIA, transient ischemic attack, where the blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked or reduced.
can be caused from exhaustion
Hypertension-High blood pressure is considered anything over 140/90 mmHg.
-causes include obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, stress, too much salt in diet, genetics
-can have serious risks which include risk of heart attack or stroke, aneurysm, heart failure
86
How to keep old people safe
regular check ups
home safety
diet and nutrition
excercise
regular sleep and resting
social interaction
mental health check ups
take stress away by handeling finance issues
transportation options
emergency contacts
86
preventative measures for diseases
educate everyone about life choices, risks
promote vaccines
normalize screenings, make them cheaper if they cost a lot
make dentistry free
schools serve only healthy foods, education on nutrition
substance abuse prevention
doctors only diagnose people who have a disease instead of giving drugs for free
therapy should be free
