Sociology Chapter 6 Flashcards by Elise Riedel

What is a recognized violation of cultural norms?

Deviance

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What is the violation of legal standards by the young or anyone?

Crime/Juvenile Deliguency

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What are the social foundations of deviances?

Norms May vary Across societies
People become deviant as people define them that way.
Both rule making & rule breaking involve social powers.

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What is the action in accord with prevailing social standards, attitudes, & practices?

Conformity

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What is obeying or willing to obey?

Obedience

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What is the study of the mechanisms in the form of patterns, of pressure, through which society maintains order & Cohesion?

Social Control

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What is referred to as the reactions of individuals & groups that bring about conformity to norms & laws?

Informal Social Control

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What is expressed through laws, statutes, rules & regulations against deviant behavior?

Formal Social Control

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What are Durkheim’s 4 Functions of Deviance?

Affirms cultural values & Norms.
Clarifies Moral Boundaries.
Promotes social unity
Encourages Social Change.

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What is a form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally acceptable/defined goals of a society & means available in society to achieve goals?

Merton’s Structural Strain Theory

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What is reject of Cultural goals (Success/family) & Accept Means (Job/Education) in Merton’s Structural Strain Theory?

Ritualism

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What is Reject of Cultural Goals (Success/Family) & reject Means (Job/Education) in Merton’s Structural Strain Theory?

Retreatism

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What is the Reject/Substitue of Cultural Gaols (success/family) & Reject/Substitue Means (Job/education) in Merton’s Structural Strain Theory?

Rebellion

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What is the Accept of Cultural Goals (success/family) & Reject Means (Job/education) in Merton’s Structural Strain Theory?

Innovation

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What is believed in Deviance & Conformity result not so much from what people do, but from how others respond.

Labeling Theory

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What is the actual Violation of a norm or law?

Primary Deviance

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What Occurs when an individual comes to accept the label of deviant?

Secondary Deviance

What is a negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person & also changes that person’s self-concept & social Identity?

Stigma

What is Interpretation of someone’s past as consistent with present deviance?

Retrospective Labeling

What is keeping an individual’s behavior/deviant identity in mind when assessing future action?

Projective Labeling

What is the transformation of moral & legal issue into medical matters?

Medicalization of Deviance

What are the 3 Consequences of defending deviance as moral/legal issue vs. medical conniptions?

Affects who responds to Deviance.
Affects how people response - patients vs. criminal.
Affects whether the deviant person is personally competent.

What theory believes that deviant behavior is largely the result of associating with others whose behavior is deviant? Frequency/Intensity of Relationships.

Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

What theory believes in deviance occurs when a person’s attachment to social bonds are weakened?

Hirschi’s social control Theory

What 4 things are related to Hirschi's Social Control Theory?

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

What is the theory where argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature?

Conflict Theory

What is a crime that is committed in public associated with violence (often).

Street Crime

What is committed by a professional against a corporation agency or other business?

White-Collar Crimes

What is a type of white collar-crime committed by the officers or executives of that company?

Corporate Crime

What is the most common outcome of criminal charges? Very, very few cases end up in trial.

Plea Bargaining

What is served to maintain law & order, interacting with citizens & providing services? Don't believe they need to do all the documentation that they are also doing.

Policing

What is preventing crime & reducing fear of crime that are both important paths to rebuilding strong communities?

Crime & Community

What theory is this? Philip Zimbardo abandoned 2 cars without license plates and with their hoods up in 2 different social settings. Both cars were vandalized, regardless of class or race. Served as the basis for new policing strategies that aggressively focused on minor crime such as traffic violations and drinking or using drugs in public.

Broken Windows Theory

What is a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community?

Community Policing

What is the practical measures used to limit a criminal's ability to commit crime, such as community policing and use of house alarms?

Target Hardening

What is a way of punishing a criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal is to maintain the ties of the offender to the community.

Shaming as Punishment.

What are the 4 Justifications for Punishment?

Retribution, Deterrence, Rehabilitation, Societal Protection.

What is an eye for an eye?

Retribution

What is the attempt to discourage criminality?

Deterrence

What is the reforming or resocializing offender?

Rehabilitation

What consists of policies & programs designed to reduce poverty & vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets & enhancing their capacity to manage economic & social risks?

Societal Protection