Developmental Psych Chapter 11

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

Emotional Bond with a specific person that endures across space & time.
Usually in the context of child-caregiver relationships.

Question 2

Which surrogate mother, wire or cloth, did baby monkey’s prefer?

Answer 2

The cloth Surrogate mother.

Question 3

What did Harlow conclude about key to attachment formation?

Answer 3

Contact Comfort is key to attachment formation.

Question 4

What does Bowbly’s Attachment Theory?

Answer 4

Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survive.
Attachment figure as a secure base.

Question 5

What is a secure base?

Answer 5

Provides young children sense of security that makes environmental exploration possible.

Question 6

What is this an example of?

Little Sally is playing with toys, but she sometimes comes back to her mother to show a toy or just to get a hug.

Answer 6

Secure Base

Question 7

What is the Internal Working Model of Attachment?

Answer 7

Child’s mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general.
Guides children’s interactions with caregivers and other people in fancy and at older ages.

Question 8

What is “The Strange Situation?”

Answer 8

A laboratory procedure to assess infants’ attachment to their primary caregivers.

Question 9

In The Strange Situation, what are the characteristics of each type of attachment?

Answer 9

Children are upset when the caregiver leaves, and children are happy when the caregiver returns.

Question 10

What is Secure Attachment?

Answer 10

Children/infants are secretly attached to their caregivers and use them as a securer base for explorations.

Question 11

What is the proportion of American middle class children that have secure attachment?

Answer 11

2/3

Question 12

What are Insecure Resistant/ambivalent attachment infants?

Answer 12

They tend to clog to their caregivers and not explore the toys. They are very upset when he caregiver leaves the room. Not readily comforted by the stranger. Upon reunion, the children seek comfort from the caregiver but resist caregiver.

Question 13

What percentage of American middle class children are in the Insecure Resistant/ambivalent attachment phase?

Answer 13

9%

Question 14

What is insecure/Avoidant Attachment?

Answer 14

Children seem indifferent toward their caregiver. If upset when left alone, they are easily comforted by a stranger as by the caregiver.

Question 15

What percentage of Infants from middle Class U.S. Families have insecure/avoidant attachment?

Answer 15

15%

Question 16

What is disorganized/Disoriented Attachment?

Answer 16

Infants show no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation.
They often appear dazed or disoriented.

Question 17

What are some cultural differences in the types of attachment seen in young children between the U.S. and Asian (Japanese & Korean) cultures?

Answer 17

Japanese & Korean infants are insecurely attached, they show insecure/resistant patterns.
Insecure/avoidant patterns are very rare.
They aren’t used to separation from their caregiver.

Question 18

What is Parental Sensitivity?

Answer 18

Consistent, responsive caregiving when children are distressed or upset. Helping children to engage in learning situations: providing just enough but not too much guidance and supervision.

Question 19

What are the long-term effects of attachment?

Answer 19

Closer, more harmonious relationships with peers in childhood.
Positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 20

How do we know that children have a sense of self in infancy?

Answer 20

Evidenced by babies control of objects outside of themselves. They show separation anxiety, recognize their self in the mirror, and by age 2 they exhibit embarrassment and shame. At the age of 30 months a child can recognize their own photograph.

Question 21

How do we know that children have a sense of self in early childhood?

Answer 21

At ages 3 to 4 children understand self in terms of concrete, observable characteristics related to the physical self.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of sense of self in middle childhood (elementary school?

Answer 22

Children begin to refine their conceptions of self. Increased engagement in social comparison. Self concepts increasingly based on evaluations by others.

Question 23

What is social comparison?

Answer 23

Comparing oneself to others to evaluate oneself.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of sense of self in early adolescence?

Answer 24

Begin to think of self in terms of abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete traits and behaviors.
Can also conceive of themselves in terms of a variety of selves, depending on the context.

Question 25

What are 2 different forms of egocentrism when thinking about self?

Answer 25

Personal Fable & Imaginary Audience.

Question 26

What is Personal Fable?

Answer 26

A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of their own thoughts and feelings.

Question 27

What is Imaginary Audience?

Answer 27

The belief that everyone is focused on the adolescent’s appearance and behavior.

Question 28

What are some characteristics of sense of self in Middle Teen Years?

Answer 28

Often begin to agonize over the contradictions in their behavior and characteristics. Do not have the cognitive skills needed to integrate these contradictions.

Question 29

What are some characteristics of sense of self in Late Adolescence and Early adulthood?

Answer 29

Conception of self: More integrated.
Less Determined by what others think.
Includes: Values, beliefs, standards. and goals about the future

Question 30

What is identity Achievement?

Answer 30

The integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole.

Question 31

What is Erikson’s views?

Answer 31

When failed to find identity, individuals may experience.

Question 32

What is Identity Confusion?

Answer 32

Incomplete and incoherent sense of self.

Question 33

What is Identity Foreclosure?

Answer 33

Premature commitment to an identity without adequate exploration.

Question 34

What is Negative Identity?

Answer 34

Identity that represents the opposites of what is valued by surrounding people.

Question 35

What is Psychological Moratorium?

Answer 35

A period in which adolescence: is not expected to take on adult roles & can explore to find self.

Question 36

How would a preschooler deserve who they are?

Answer 36

“I can run pretty fast” “I have blue eyes” (Observable characteristics)

Question 37

How would a middle schooler/childhood describe who they are?

Answer 37

“I’m popular” “I’m smart”

Question 38

How would a early adolescent describe who they are?

Answer 38

“I’m an extrovert”

Question 39

How would an adolescent describe who they are?

Answer 39

“I am complicated” “What am I Like as a person?”

“I’k like to be an ethical person” “Being athletic is not important to me.”

Question 40

How is identity development related to individuals’ adjustment?

Answer 40

Adolescents who have attained a sense of identity are: socially more mature and more highly motivated in academic achievement.

Question 41

What are some factors that influence individuals identity formation?

Answer 41

Parenting: Warmth & Support: More mature identity, less confusion and Overprotection or cold and controlling: foreclosed identity.
Individual’s own behavior.
Larger Social Context.
Historical Context