Developmental Psych Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is attachment?
Emotional Bond with a specific person that endures across space & time.
Usually in the context of child-caregiver relationships.
Which surrogate mother, wire or cloth, did baby monkey’s prefer?
The cloth Surrogate mother.
What did Harlow conclude about key to attachment formation?
Contact Comfort is key to attachment formation.
What does Bowbly’s Attachment Theory?
Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survive.
Attachment figure as a secure base.
What is a secure base?
Provides young children sense of security that makes environmental exploration possible.
What is this an example of?
Little Sally is playing with toys, but she sometimes comes back to her mother to show a toy or just to get a hug.
Secure Base
What is the Internal Working Model of Attachment?
Child’s mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general.
Guides children’s interactions with caregivers and other people in fancy and at older ages.
What is “The Strange Situation?”
A laboratory procedure to assess infants’ attachment to their primary caregivers.
In The Strange Situation, what are the characteristics of each type of attachment?
Children are upset when the caregiver leaves, and children are happy when the caregiver returns.
What is Secure Attachment?
Children/infants are secretly attached to their caregivers and use them as a securer base for explorations.
What is the proportion of American middle class children that have secure attachment?
2/3
What are Insecure Resistant/ambivalent attachment infants?
They tend to clog to their caregivers and not explore the toys. They are very upset when he caregiver leaves the room. Not readily comforted by the stranger. Upon reunion, the children seek comfort from the caregiver but resist caregiver.
What percentage of American middle class children are in the Insecure Resistant/ambivalent attachment phase?
9%
What is insecure/Avoidant Attachment?
Children seem indifferent toward their caregiver. If upset when left alone, they are easily comforted by a stranger as by the caregiver.
What percentage of Infants from middle Class U.S. Families have insecure/avoidant attachment?
15%
What is disorganized/Disoriented Attachment?
Infants show no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation.
They often appear dazed or disoriented.
What are some cultural differences in the types of attachment seen in young children between the U.S. and Asian (Japanese & Korean) cultures?
Japanese & Korean infants are insecurely attached, they show insecure/resistant patterns.
Insecure/avoidant patterns are very rare.
They aren’t used to separation from their caregiver.
What is Parental Sensitivity?
Consistent, responsive caregiving when children are distressed or upset. Helping children to engage in learning situations: providing just enough but not too much guidance and supervision.
What are the long-term effects of attachment?
Closer, more harmonious relationships with peers in childhood.
Positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence and early adulthood.
How do we know that children have a sense of self in infancy?
Evidenced by babies control of objects outside of themselves. They show separation anxiety, recognize their self in the mirror, and by age 2 they exhibit embarrassment and shame. At the age of 30 months a child can recognize their own photograph.
How do we know that children have a sense of self in early childhood?
At ages 3 to 4 children understand self in terms of concrete, observable characteristics related to the physical self.
What are the characteristics of sense of self in middle childhood (elementary school?
Children begin to refine their conceptions of self. Increased engagement in social comparison. Self concepts increasingly based on evaluations by others.
What is social comparison?
Comparing oneself to others to evaluate oneself.
What are the characteristics of sense of self in early adolescence?
Begin to think of self in terms of abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete traits and behaviors.
Can also conceive of themselves in terms of a variety of selves, depending on the context.
