Developmental Psych Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ones social categorization as either male or female

A

Gender

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2
Q

What is used when referring explicitly to biological processes?

A

Sex

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3
Q

How is gender different from sex?

A

Gender is how one perceives themselves as either male or female and sex is what they were actually born to be biologically.

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4
Q

What is influenced by biological, psychological, and cultural processes?

A

Gender Development

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5
Q

What is a behavior that is associated with a given person’s gender?

A

Gender-Type behavior

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6
Q

What is behavior associated with the gender other than that of a given person?

A

Cross-Gendered-Typed Behavior

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7
Q

What is a class of a steroid hormones that includes testosterone?

A

Androgen

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8
Q

What is a certain sex-linked hormones that affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty?

A

Organizational Influences

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9
Q

What are the fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the activation of certain brain and behavioral responses?

A

Activational influences

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10
Q

What are some gender differences in brain structure and functioning?

A

Between males and females when they are engaged in cognitive tasks, the brain activates in different patterns.

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11
Q

What are children’s cognitions that lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs?

A

Gender-Self-Socialization

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12
Q

What is Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development?

A

Gender identity by about 30 months, gender stability by around 3 to 4 years of age and then goner constancy is around 5 to 7 years of age.

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13
Q

What was the conclusion to Kohlgerg’s cognitive Developmental Theories?

A

Acquiring GENDER CONSTANCY increases the likelihood of many gender-typed behaviors.

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14
Q

What stage in Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theories was to become aware of their own gender at 30 months of age?

A

Gender Identity

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15
Q

What stage in Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theories was when the child realized that gender is stable over time and begins around 3 to 4 years of age?

A

Gender Stability

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16
Q

What stage in Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental theories was when the child realized that gender is independent of appearance or behavior around 5 to 7 years of age?

A

Gender Constancy

17
Q

What are organized mental representations about gender including gender stereotypes?

A

Gender Schemas

18
Q

What are used to classify other people as being either “the same as me” or not?

A

Ingroup/Outgroup Gender Schemas

19
Q

What is knowledge about how to do things that are consistent with one’s own gender?

A

Own-Gender Schema

20
Q

What is the tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the in-group as superior to those of the out-group?

A

In-Group Bias

21
Q

What is the process through which individual are socialized to conform to the group’s norms?

A

In-Group Assimilation

22
Q

What is direct teaching?

A

Tuition

23
Q

What is learning to take into account the reactions one’s behavior evokes in others?

A

Enactive Experience

24
Q

What is watching other people?

A

Observational learning

25
Q

Why are boys more pressured to follow the norms about their behavior and characteristics than girls?

A

Characteristics are liked to high-status (vs. low status) group more valued. In most societies, males are accorded greater status and power than females. Boys are more conceded about maintaining the boundaries.

26
Q

How may parents influence children’s gender development through differential chore assignment for boys and girls?

A

Boys do tasks outside of the home that involve tools and machines, girls tasks are inside the home usually cleaning and helping to care to younger siblings. This implies division of labor across gender and may influence children’s interests and preferences.

27
Q

How may parents influence children’s gender development through differential conversation with sons and daughters?

A

Parents are more likely to offer explanations to boys vs. girls about science exhibits and use more technical vocabulary with sons.

28
Q

What is this an example of? “Boys play outside”.

A

Gender essentialist Statements

29
Q

What are the activities and characteristics that are and always will be true of a certain gender group?

A

Gender-Essentialist Statements