Developmental Psych Chapter 13

Question 1

Who are people that are approximately the same age and status?

Answer 1

Peers

Question 2

What is an intimate, reciprocated positive relationship between people?

Answer 2

Friendship

Question 3

When do Children start forming friendships?

Answer 3

By age 2

Question 4

What are some characteristics of friendships in preschoolers?

Answer 4

Friends have more conflicts but also resolve conflicts better than non-friends.

Question 5

What are the functions of friendships in Adolescents through support and validation?

Answer 5

Friends are perceived as more important confidants providers of support than are parents.
In highly stressful situations, however, support from adults may be more important than support from friends.

Question 6

What are the functions of friendships in adolescents through social and cognitive skills.

Answer 6

Through interacting with friends, children learn: Social skills and knowledge needed to form positive relationships. Cognitive skills and enhance performance on creative tasks.

Question 7

Who do adolescents (between 5th grade and college) confide in the most?

Answer 7

friends

Question 8

How are the functions of friendships different or similar between boys and girls?

Answer 8

Girls > Guys. Girls have more friendships that are intimate, and more friendship-related stress.
Boys = girls by the amount of conflict in best friendships and companionship and recreational opportunities.

Question 9

What are friendships in which 2 children view each other best/close friend?

Answer 9

Reciprocated Best Friendships

Question 10

What are possible costs of friendships?

Answer 10

Children who have antisocial and aggressive friends tend to exhibit antisocial and aggressive tendencies themselves.
Aggressive friends may make you aggressive.

Question 11

How do we choose friends and how does our selection of friends change with development?

Answer 11

During preschool children choose by proximity, similarity in age, preference for same-sex friends, and peers of the same race.

Question 12

By age 7 what are friends similar in?

Answer 12

Cognitive maturity & aggressive behavior

Question 13

what are 4th to 8th grader friends similar in?

Answer 13

Prosocial & antisocial behavior, peer acceptance, academic motivation.

Question 14

By adolescence what are friends similar in?

Answer 14

Interests, attitudes, and behavior.

Question 15

How does the nature of peer groups change from preschool to middle childhood?

Answer 15

By preschool there is a clean dominance hierarchy in peer groups. By middle school status in peer groups involves more than dominance and children become very concerned about their peer group status.

Question 16

What is a group that children voluntarily form to join themselves?

Answer 16

Cliques

Question 17

What is a group of adolescents who have similar stereotyped reputations?

Answer 17

Crowds

Question 18

How is a crowd different from a clique?

Answer 18

A crowd is a group of adolescents and a clique is a group of children.

Question 19

What is a measurement that that reflects the degree to which someone is liked or disliked by their peers as a group?

Answer 19

Sociometric Status

Question 20

what types of children have many positive nominations and few negative nominations?

Answer 20

Popular children

Question 21

What is attempting to harm peers’ interpersonal relationships through manipulation?

Answer 21

Relational Aggression

Question 22

What measurement of peer status has many negative nominations and few positive nominations?

Answer 22

Rejected

Question 23

What are some characteristics that popular children tend to have?

Answer 23

Good social skills, Good emotion regulations, less aggressive, and high academic achievement

Question 24

What are the 2 types of Rejected children?

Answer 24

Aggressive or Withdrawn.

Question 25

What type of rejected children (Aggressive or Withdrawn) have academic problems, hostile and threatening physical behavior, and mutual influences between aggression and rejection?

Answer 25

Aggressive Rejected children

Question 26

What type of rejected children (aggressive or withdrawn) are socially withdrawn, wary, timid and combined with immature, unregulated, emotional behavior. like crying.

Answer 26

Withdrawn-rejected children

Question 27

What kind of children show few positive nominations & few negative nominations?

Answer 27

Neglected children

Question 28

What kind of characteristics do neglected children show?

Answer 28

Less sociable & disruptive, not particularly anxious, and simply not noticed.

Question 29

What type of children show many positive nominations & many negative nominations?

Answer 29

Controversial Children

Question 30

What kind of characteristics do controversial children show?

Answer 30

Characteristics of both popular and rejected children: arrogant & snobbish.

Question 31

What kinds of children get an average number of all nominations?

Answer 31

Average Children

Question 32

What is the assumption behind social skills training and what does it teach children?

Answer 32

The assumption is that rejected children lack social skills and it teaches children communication skills, anger management, and perspective taking.

Question 33

What is the social skills training?

Answer 33

It is for assisting rejected children

Question 34

What is the main finding of the article by Hodges and others (1999)?

Answer 34

The article showed that victims without a best friend showed (A year later) that they have more internalizing problems and more externalizing problems. Victims with a best friend did not show more internalizing or externalizing problems over times. Conclusion was that best friendship buffers effects of victimization.

Question 35

How does culture (historical context in China) influence the way shyness is perceived by peers?

Answer 35

In 1990 shy children were well-like by peers and perceived by teachers as socially competent.
In 2002 they found that shy children were disliked by peers and perceived by teachers as socially competent.
How children with certain characteristics are perceived by their peers may depend on the cultural context.

Question 36

How does culture in gender differences influence the way shyness is perceived by peers?

Answer 36

Shyness had stronger association with negative outcomes in males rather than in females. Shy boys more excluded than shy girls from peer groups.

Question 37

How do parents influence children’s peer relationships?

Answer 37

Attachment and competence with peers.
Quality of ongoing parent-child interactions. 
Parental beliefs about their role.
Gatekeeping and coaching. 
Family stress