Smart Book MSK Flashcards by Trevor Johnson

In studies, disease prevalence between groups only influences ______

Predictive value

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Which enzyme is fucked up in xeroderma pigmentosum

Endonuclease

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whats wrong with lynch syndrome?

Non heriditary polyposis

MIsmatch repair is fucked up

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what kind of toxin is made in Staph scalded skin syndrome

who does it usually effect?

Exotoxin that destroys keratinoctyes in Strattum granulosum

children

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what are the Rotator cuff muscles and their functions?

SITS

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What does Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate (PRPP) deal with?

This deals with the creation of Purines (AMP GMP)

and you know that an increas of purines will lead to gout

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what muscle passes through the greater sciatic foramen and what nerve is it next to?

The piriformis muscle

Sciatic nerve

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whats Dermatitis Herpetiformis?

what gets deposited? whats it associated with?

Pruritic papules, vesicles often found on elbows

IgA deposits at tips of dermal papilla

-Celiac dz

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whats released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Calcium

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What are the heavy hitters that cause contraction in skeletal muscle?

myosin II, actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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What are the heavy hitters that cause contraction in smooth muscle

myosin light chain kinase, calmodulin

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What bug is ocidase positive, rod shaped gram negative that makes pigment and associated with pool water

psuedomonas bruh cmon

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dimorphic fungus that spreads via lymphatics

causes subq nodules. whats the fungus and how is it spread?

Sporothrix

thorn prick

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How does the clostridium perferinges toxin work?

Alpha toxin: Splititng of phospholipids

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what happens in graft vs host disease

the graft’s T cells get sensitized to the host MHC antigens

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develops on chronically sun exposed skin. has rough “sand paper” texture

Acitinic Keratosis

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What is impaired in Osteogenesis imperfecta

Formation of the Bone Matrix

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what type of exocrine secretion mechanism is acne?

Sebaceous glands via Holocrine

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if you have a mitochondrial fuck up (ragged muscle fibers) what would explain clinical variability of presentations within offspring

maternal inheritance

Heteroplasmy: coexistence of differentversions of mitochondria in a cell

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What nerve does carpal tunnel syndrome affect and what is charaterized by CT syndrome

Median nerve

pain and parasthesias,

weakness of Thumb abduction and opposition

atrophy of thenar eminence

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Lyme dz

where do you normally get it?

what are the stages and how do you treat

North east via ixodes tick

1st-target lesions

2nd-bells palsy

3rd-knee swelling

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Cafe aulait spots, endocrine problems (early puberty, thyroid problems), fibrous dysplasia

Mccune-Albright syndrome

fuck up in the g protein camp pathway

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Cox1 vs Cox2

Cox 1: assists in normal function of tissues -Gastric mucosal protection, incr. renal perfusion, platelet aggregation

Cox2: works on sites of inflammation- incr renal perfusion, vasodilation, tissue repair. + Pain sensitivity, inflammation

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Which CD is fucked up in LAD

CD18

leads to leukocytosis (all your leukocytes are floating in blood not able to go fight infections

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what causes extra nipples?

Failure of **involution** of **mammary ridge** they usually react to periods (estrogen)

What does CREST stand for? whats the antibodies found it it?

**C**alcinosis, **R**aynauds, **E**sophageal dysmotility, **S**clerodactyl, **T**elangectasias Anti-**Centromere, Scl-70, DNA topiosiomerase**

Antibodies found in serum? Anti DsDNA Anti-histone Anti- Ro/SSA, La/SSB

dsDNA - Lupus histone - Drug induced lupus Ro/La - Sjorgens

whats **caudal regression syndrome**? what causes it?

**sacral agenesis** that causes lower **extremity paralysis** and **urinary incontinence** -Poorly controlled maternal diabetes

What type histology does eczema/ contact dermatitis have when its in a "weepy" wet stage?

**Spongiosis**: accumulation of edema fluid in epidermis with chronic exposure it turns into acanthosis

what bacteria can cause Necrotizing fasciitis

**Strep Pyogenes**

Ehlers Danlos syndrome what deficiency can lead to this?

a fuck up in **collagen synthesis** specifically **cross-linking** hyperextensible skin, bleeding easy bruising, hypermobile joints deficieny of Pro-collagen peptidase (Removes the **C- and N- terminals off procollagen**)

whats the defect in Marfan syndrome

Fibrilin-1

Which cells are involved in Type IV Hypersensitivity?

Tcells CD4, 8 Macrophages

Seronegative spondyloarthits whats the HLA? what are they? what serotype do they respond to?

**HLA- B27** PAIR-psoriasit arthritis, ankylosing, inflam bowel dz, reactive **MHC I serotype**

Where are melanoma cells derived from?

Melanoma is a malignant prolif of melanocytes which come from **Neural crest**

How does edema factor of toxins work?

Incr. cAMP that leads to edema and phagocytic dysfunction

Whats _Polymyalgia Rheumatica_ who is it common in? whats it associated with how do you treat?

Pain and stiffness in the **shoulders** and **hips** with fever, malaises. women over 50 *Temporal arteritis:* granulomatous inflamation of the media, intimal thickening Steroids

whats the best diagnostic tool for osteomyelitis

**MRI**

What antibodies do you get in Rhuematic fever after strep pyogenes

**Anti-Strepolysin O**

What causes the deltoid ligament in the foot to rupture?

Eversion of the foot Potts fracture

What ligaments are commonly injured in ankle sprains?

Later Talofibular ligaments

What gets impaired after a Patellar Fracture

Inability to extend the knee against gravity

whats a treatment of Psoriasis that involves transcription factors?

Vit. D analogs such as **Calcitriol, Calcipotriene** inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and stimulate differentation

What are the adverse effects of Succinylcholine

Malignant hyperthermia, Hypercalcemia, HyperKalemia

Bisphosphonates have a structure similar to \_\_\_\_\_\_

Pyrophosphates | (two coins in the cash box on sketchy)

Walk through muscle contraction starting with actin blocked by toponin and tropomyosin

What causes malignant hypercalcemia?

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)

whats another name for Anti-Jo 1

Anti-histidyl TRNA synthetase

bones of the hand

Rheumatoid factor is what kind of antibody

its an **IgM** antibody to the **Fc** portion of **IgG**

what another name for a bruise?

Eccymosis usually presents without any note of trauma

How does myasthenia gravis affect the muscle (beyond just antibodies to Ach receptor post synaptic)

It lowers the end plate potential which prevents the muscle for hitting the threshold of the full action potention. so the muscle simply wont contract

_Chediak higashi_ what gene is defective what skin disorder is associated with?

Defect in phagolysoome formation (so you get these **Giant granules** inside the granulocytes. lysosomal trafficking gene **LYST** **Albanism**

Who gets Strawberry vs Cherry hemangiomas

Babies get **Strawberry** Adults get **Cherry**

Fibromyalgia what is it? who gets it?

Diffuse muscle aches, fatigue, psych problems (depression) 22-55 yr old women

Thoracic outlet syndrome where does it usually occur what are the symptoms

Due to the compression of the **lower trunk** of the brachial plexus in the **scalene triangle** **upper extremity** numbness, tingling, weakness, atrophyof hand muscles

Whats **ecthyma gangrenosum**

Cutaneous necrotic dz thats associated w/ **psuedomonas** works by causing vascular destruction which limits blood flow to patches of skin

PPIs have been liked to increasing chances of what dz

Osteoporosis

What virus causes a rash that starts at the face and moves down? why would a person get this?

Togavirus -they werent vaccinated with MMR

What are the nerves and arteries of the humerus Surgical neck midshaft distal/cubital fossa

Surgical neck: Axilary N. / Posterior Circumflex Midshaft: Radial N. / Deep brachial A. Distal: Median N. / Brachial A ARM

When you fuck up the **femoral head** of the hip bone which artery is messed up that leads to necrosis

**Medial circumflex femoral** artery

Osgood-Schlatter Dz

pain and swelling at the tibial tuberosity due to repetitive contractions of the quads

What are the Rotator Cuff muscles SITS infraspinatus

external rotation pitching or football

In sarcoidosis, you get increased levels of ______ due to \_\_\_\_\_

increased levels of **Serum calcium** due to increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by **activated macrophages**

Whats parvovirus and what are the age related symptoms

ssDNA virus Children: Slapped cheek (fith dz) Adults: Acute Athropathy Anemia: Aplastic crisis

tea and toast diet (Scurvy) what are the symptoms? where does collagen synthesis occur?

fuck up of collagen synthesis Gum bleeding/ gingival swelling, **perifolicular hemorrhages and coiled hair** **-**occurs in **Rough endoplasmic reticulum**

Xanthomas

too much hyperlipidemia buzz word attached to **achilles tendon** check cholesterol levels

what happens with long term use of corticosteroid cream on your skin

Dermal Atrophy /thinning of the dermis

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Asymptomatic at birth infants then develop lethargy, constipation, large **fontanelle, umbillical hernia**

Dystonia

Prolonged, repetitive muscle contractions

Whats Azothioprine?

its a precursor to 6-MP which leads to Purine metabolism (gout and shit) Allopurinol prolongs this

whats BRAF

a protein kinase involved in **melanocyte proliferation**

What are Brain hemmorahge and **Retinal hemmorhage** signs for in a baby?

Abusive head trauma

What artery is fucked up with anterior or posterior dislocation of the tibia?

Popliteal

Which muscle when messed up will cause *winged scapula* whats it innervated by?

**Serratus anterior** Long thoracic Nerve

what bursa is messed up in the knee after repetitive kneeling?

**Prepatellar bursa**

radial nerve

what layers do you pass thru to preform **crycothyrotomy intubation?**

superficial cervical fasica pretracheal fascia cricothyroid membrane

What is **Spinal stenosis**? whats messed up in it?

**posture dependent** symptoms (extension squeezes it more and *leaning over* helps) **Ligamentum flavum** , osteophyte formation, and disc protrusion

Where does osteomyelitis tend to occur?

in the **metaphisis** of **long bone** due to slower blood flow