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Brain Gainz > 9. Respiratory Tract Pathoma > Flashcards

9. Respiratory Tract Pathoma Flashcards

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1
Q

main cause of rhinitis

what is a major consequence it can lead to

A

adenovirus

nasal polyps

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2
Q

when a child has nasal polyps what should you be thinking?

A

Cystic fibrosis

ASA (asprin) intolerant asthma

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3
Q

main cause of epiglottitis

A

H. influenza

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4
Q

Pneumonia

what does the sputum look like?

percusion?

3 types of pneumonia?

A

Infection of lung parenchyma

  • yellow green or rusty colored sputum
  • dull percusion
  • Lobar, Bronchopneumonia, Interstitial
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5
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

which are the two most common causes

A

consolidation of an entire lobe

usually bacteria

S. Pnuemonia (95%) & Klebsiella Pneumoniae

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6
Q

Bronchopneumonia

which bacteria causes this

A

scattered patchy pneumonia cetered around the bronchioles

-S. A, H. influ, S. pneumonia, klebsiella

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7
Q

interstitial (atypical) pneumonia

why is it called Walking Pneumonia

What causes it

A

diffuse interstitial infiltrates

  • has very mild symptoms
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia (military recruits or college kid), Chlamydia Pnuemonia, RSV (infants) , CMV (post transplant)
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8
Q

Tuberculosis

whats the PPD

primary/secondary?

A

inhalation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

  • caseating necrosis of lower lobe
  • Ghon complex (fibrosis and calcification)
  • PPD (+)

Secondary- reactivation of TB due to AIDs (APEX) of lung. CASEATING granulomas

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9
Q

COPD

whats the spirometry readings

types

A

obstruction of getting air OUT of the lung

ForcedVC (down), FExpiratoryV1(down-down)

TLC(up) due to lung trapping of air

-Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma, Bronchiectasis

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10
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

how does one get it

Whats the Reid index and whats the value for CB

How do they present

whats a bad thing this can lead to

A

Hyperplasia of mucus secreted glands as a result of smoking

Reid index is the thickness of mucosal gland layer to the thickness of wall btwn epithelium and cartilage. For CB its >50%

  • presents with Productive Cough, Cyanosis
  • -Cor Pulmonale (*hypoxia leads to vasoconstriction to area and shunting to other areas in lung–> failure of right heart)
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11
Q

Emphysema

what imbalnace/deficiency causes this?

most common cause of this?

what are the two types? which lobes are they associated with?

whats a nickname for this?

A

Destruction of alveolar sacs

loss of elastic fibers, increased compliance, “Shopping bag’, AIrway collapse

Lack of Alpha 1 AntiTrypsin (A1AT)

-SMOKING (duh bruh)

Centriacinar (smoking-upper lobes)

Panacinar (A1AT deficiency- lower lobes)

-PINK PUFFER (barrel chest)

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12
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible Bronchospasm most often due to allergic stimulus

IgE Hypersensitiviy type 1 mediated

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13
Q

IL-4

IL-5

IL-10

A

4 - IG class switching

5 - calls in eosinophils

10 - stimulates th2 T cells

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14
Q

Bronchiectasis

what causes it?

A

Permanant dilation of the bronchioles and bronchi

loss of tone leads to air trapping

(think of blowing throught a big pipe)

-necrotizing granulation of airway wall

secondary amyloidosis

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15
Q

Restrictive respiratory DZ

whats the FEV:FVC ratio?

A

Restricted filling of the lung mostly due to FIBROSIS

Ratio is INCREASED >80%

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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16
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

what does lung look like?

Treatment?

A

repeated wound healing with collagen deposition

Honeycomb lung appearance

lung transplant

17
Q

Pneumonconioses

A

Interstitial fibrosis due to occupational exposure

coal worker, silicosis, abestosis

18
Q

coal workers pneumoconioses

whats caplan syndrome?

Anthracosis?

A

Restricitve lung dz (fibrosis)

Black lung

macrophages laden with carbon lead to inflammation and fibrosis

caplan: rheumatoid arthritis and penumonconioses

Antrhacosis: carbon in the lung thats assymptomatic

19
Q

Silicosis

how does it affect macrophages?

whats special solely about this pneumocon.?

what part of lung does it affect? (roof and base)

A

Restrictive lung dz (pneumoconioses)

  • sandblasting, mines
  • it impairs the phagolysosome
  • its the only wone that increases chance of TB

“silica and coal are on the base, but affect the roof”

(upper lobe)

20
Q

beryliosis

A

restrictive lung dz (pneumoncon.)

exposure to beryllium in aerospace

non-caseating granulomas

21
Q

Asbestosis

where does it affect the lung

what do you look for to confirm diagnosis

A

restrictive lung dz (pneumocon)

Associated w/ shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing.

lower lobe

-asbestos (ferrunginous) bodies: golden brown rods

22
Q

Sarcoidosis

which type of lesion and where will you find them

who gets it?

what else type of cell can you see in this histo?

what values are elevated?

why does this cause hypercalcemia?

A

Restrictive lung dz

“noncasesating granuloma” in multiple organs (speccifically lung and hilar lymp nodes)

African american femal under 40yrs old

  • asteroid body
  • elevated ACE levels, CD4/8 ratio
  • due to incr. 1Alpha-hydroxylase vit D activation in macrophages
23
Q

Lung cancer

Small cell carcinoma

who gets it, where is it located, what does it produce

A

poorly differentiated small cells

Male smokers, Centrally,

may produce ACTH or antibodies against PRESYNAPTIC Ca+2 channels (lambert-eaton)

24
Q

lung cancer

Squamos cell carcinoma

Whats the big clue on histo

where is it? what symdrome?

A

Keratin pearls and Intercelluar bridging

  • Central
  • produces PTHrP (hyperCalcemia)
25
Q

lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma

who gets these/why is it special?

where is it located

A
  • characterized by glands or mucin production
  • most common cancer in Non-Smokers,

-Peripheral

26
Q

Lung cancer

Large cell carcinoma

A

-no keratin pearls, no glands or mucin

smoking,

central or periph

(grab bag)

27
Q

lung cancer

-Carcinoid tumor

what kind of cells, whats growth look like

A

well differentiated, nest of nueroendocrine cells

chromogranin (+)

polyp like growth

28
Q

Lung cancer (general facts)

where does it metastisize?

Where does it get mets from?

what complications does it cause

A

mets to the adrenals

mets from the breast, colon, prostate

SPHERE of complications

-Superior Vena Cava syndrome, Pancoast tumor, Horner syndrome, Endocrine (paraneoplastic), Recurrent laryngeal nerve (hoarseness), Effusions (plueral)

29
Q

Pneumothorax

What are the types and describe them

A

Accumulation of Air in the Pleural space

Spontaneous: Rupture of bleb or cysts. collapse of the lung w/ trachea shifting to collapse

Tension: caused by penetrating chest wall injury. trachea is pushed to opposite side of injury. (this is the one with the flap. air gets in but cant get out. pushes the trachea away)

30
Q

Mesothelioma

how does it present?

what occupational hazard can cause this

A

Malignancy of the Mesothelial cells

Presents with recurrent pleural effusions

-Asbestos

Brain Gainz (30 decks)

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