Endocrine Smart book Flashcards by Trevor Johnson

What type of receptor is found in Familial hypocalciuric hypercalemia

CaSR

Membrane bound receptor coupled w/ G protein

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what are the standard deviation percentages in a normal distribution?

1 std = 68%

2std= 95%

3std= 99.7%

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which nerve is at risk due to thyroidectomy and what muscle does it innervate?

external branch of superior laryngeal

cricothyroid muscle

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what mechanism does glucose get into cell after insulin binding

facilitated diffusion via carrier mediated transport

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WHat kind of target do glitazones work on?

PPAR-y

Intracellular nuclear regulator

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Whats the function of aromatase?

what are the inhibitors?

Testosterone–aromatase—>Estradoil

inhbitors: Anastrozole / xemestane

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whats the most common cause of type 1 diabetus?

Autoimmune destruction of the Beta cells in the islet

“leukocytic infiltration”

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where is oxtocin and ADH made?

they are made in the hypothalamus

stored in the posterior pituitary

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what type of cells are seen on biopsy of

Subacute Dequervian granulomatos thyroditis

onset following a viral illness

inflammatory infiltrate with macrophages & Giant cells

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what are the signs of glucogonoma

throw some D’s on it

Dermatitis, diabetus, DVT, depression, Declining weight

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what are the antiandrogen drugs

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which substance that is secreted by sertoli cells inhibits FSH production

inhibin b

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why would corticosteroids cause neutrophilia?

it inhibts WBC adhesion to the vessel wall so all your neutrophils stay floating in blood

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What causes hypothalamic suppression?

ie suppresion of GnRH

this can lead to hypothalamic amenorrhea

Caused by: weight loss, strenuous excersice, illness, or poor eating habits

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whats a krukenburg tumor?

A GI met to the ovaries

mucin filled signet rings (peripheral nuclei)

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what is released from mast cells as a result of anaphylaxis

histamine and tryptase

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by what mechanism due the IgE and recptors cause to stimulate histamine relase from Mast cells?

Aggregation via crosslinking of the igE

releasing histamine and tryptase

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single nucleotide deltions cause what type of mutations?

Frame shift

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equation for maintenance dose

loading dose

MD= (goal) plasma conct. X Clearace

LD= (goal) plasma conct. X volume distribution

when testing for hypothyroidism. which levels should you check due to its high specificity?

TSH

which clinical presentations are specific for Graves dz (hyperthyroidism)

pretibial myxedeme, exopthalmos, periorbital edema

what do you use to treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21 hydroxylase deficiency)

so with this youre shunting everythint to androgen production (precocious puberty)

in order to treat this you use exogenous corticosteroids to downregulate ACTH production

why do men get gynocomastia

increased estrogen:androgen ration

too much estrogen causes build up in breast tissue

which hyperlipidemia drug can cause gout?

Niacin

what are the affects of androgen abus? (steroids)

Incr. Hematocrit Acne testicular atrophy (small balls) gynecomastia (bitch tits) deepening of voice

which enzyme converts *testosterone* to **DHT** what are the roles of Testosterone, DHT, and estrogen

Testosterone--*5-a reductuse*--\> DHT _Testosterone_ Development of male **internal genitalia**, spermatogenisis, development of 2nd male characteristics at puberty _DihydroTestosterone (DHT)_ Development of male **external genitalia**, growth of *Prostate*, Hair growth _Estrogen_ Endometrial proliferation, ovarian granulosa cells, breast development

what is **calcitriol**

the active form of Vit D. given to someone with post op hypoparathyroid

which anticholesterol agent increases Triglycerides?

Cholestyramine

which anticholestoral drug is used for coronary problems? and what are the main side effects?

Statins **Incr. CK**, myopathy

how do the -flozins work and what are the side effects whats it contraindicated in?

inhibit the SGLT2 in the PCT this causes glucose to not get reabsorbed so you pee it all out. can lead to UTI, candidiasis, hypotension contraindicated in **renal insufficiency**

SIADH characterisitcs

hyponatriemia, low serum osmolality ## Footnote **Normal body fluid volume**

pancreatic islet **amyloid** deposition is associated with which type of Diabetus

Type 2

Prolactin inhibits which hormone?

GnRH

which gene mutation is associated w/ Medullary Thyroid carcinoma? and which cancer is this

**RET** mutation this is a cancer of the "C cells" that make calcitonin sheets of amyloid stroma

what does a urine **positive copper reduction test** tell you about the urine?

that its positve for reducing sugars such as **Fructose,** glucose, galactose

what is pituitary apoplexy?

sudden hemorrhage of pituitary gland often presents with an existing pituitary adenoma tx w/ hormone replacement

antidiabetic drugs MOAs

how is propanolol used in hyperthyroidism

Beta blockers **prevent** the conversion of T4 to T3

what the fuck are **neurophysins**?

these are transporters that bring Oxytocin and ADH from the hypothalmus to the posterior pituitary

why would precocious puberty (too much sex steroids) cause short stature?

sex hormones promote growth but they **ALSO** promote **epiphyseal plate closure**

_fyi_ increase in estrogen activity via **pregnancy** or **menopause** (estrogen/progesteron combo) can lead to increased levels of **Thyroxine-binding-hormone** so you get an increase in total T4

what do you give to prevent thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine?

**Potassium Iodide**

whats a huge side effect of anti thyroid drugs Thionamides (PTU, methimazole)

**agranulocytosis**

polyglonal/ spindle shaped with amyloid deposits what type of thyroid cancer is this?

Medullary

whats found in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Large, pale **nuclei** (orphan annie) Psommoma bodies- calcifications finely disperesed chromatin intranuclear inclusions/grooves