Smart book- Cardiovascular Flashcards by Trevor Johnson

What nerves innervate the carotid baroreceptors?

aoritc arch baro?

Glossopharyngeal

vagus

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what physiologic responses contribute to symptoms of heart failure

Sympathetic Nervous symptoms, Renin-angiotensin, ADH

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which vessel has the least amount of oxygen in it compared to the highly oxygenated aorta?

coronary sinuses

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What is orthostatic hypotension

which blockade causes this?

drop in blood pressure on standing from the supine postion. Causes pooling of blood in veins below the heart

Alpha blockers

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which mutation is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (leading to sudden cardiac death)?

mutation in the B-myosin heavy chain (sarcomere protein)

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what is a cause of an S3 heart murmur

where is it best heard?

Associated with increased-left ventricular systolic volume

(blood left over in LV)

rapid ventricular refilling

-over the APEX in left decibutis postion at end expiration

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Whats diastolic HF characterized by?

normal ejection fraction (since systole works fine)
normal end diastolic volumes/increased ED pressure
decreased ventricular compliance (cant dialate well)

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whats pulmonary arterial hypertension (familial type/gene mutation)

why does it happen

HTN in the pulmonary artery

inactivation of BMPR2 gene - causes vascular smooth muscle proliferation

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when do you use a chi square test?

used to test the association of 2 variables with 2 different outcomes.

2x2 tabe

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CT of the heart

whats derived from the embyro cardinal veins

Superior venacava

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Orthopnea?

which HF is it assocaited with

cant breathe when laying flat

LEFT SIDED HF

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which class of Anti HTN drugs cause peripheral edema?

CCB’s (-dipines or verapamil/diltiazem)

Amlodipine

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How do nitrates work

what should you avoid using when taking nitrates?

they Incr. cGMP w/ smooth muscle relaxation

-Erectile dysfunction drugs (Sildenifil)

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What drug do you use in coronary heart dz when aspirin cant be tolerated?

Clopidigrel

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which drug do you give when ACE inhibitors produce cough?

ARB’s

(losartan, candesartan,valsartan)

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What are vericose veins?

what can these lead to?

dilated, tortuous veins resulting from impairment of venous valves

-venous stasis ulcers

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congenital abnormality thats asymptomatic at birth

holosystolic murmur heard at left lower sternum

VSD

Which cell type creates the collagen matrix inside a atherosclerotic plaque?

Vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize collagen

what are the arteries of the head? (pic)

what is the middle menningeal artery a branch of?

maxillary

What can cause retinal occlusion (which arteries starting with internal carotid)

internal cartoid, ophthalmic, retinal

What causes beri beri? what are the symptoms?

Thiamine (B1 deficiency)

Whats pulsus paradoxus

and its relation to Kortokoff sound

what causes pulsus paradoxus

-decrease in systolic pressure with inspiration

-if you hear K sounds all throughout phases of breathing you can diagnos pulsus

-pericardial dz

most important steps to prevent Catheter infection?

proper hand hygiene

full sterile drapping

chlorhexidine skin disinfection

avoidance of femoral artery

what are the STEMI ecg lead locations?

Aneteroseptal (LAD): V1-V2

Anteroapical (Distal LAD) V3-V4

Anterolateral (LAD or LCX) V5-V6

Lateral (LCX) I, avL

InFerior (RCA) II, III, avF

Posterior (PDA) V7-V9

Bad car crash, where would a person most likely damage the aorta causing it to rupture?

due to the **Ligamentum arteriosum** it will pull and rip open the aorta. at the **Aortic Isthmus** just pass the left subclavian

a patient has BPH and Hypertension what would be the best drug to give him

alpha blocker - Doxazosin

aortic arches

characteristics of Abdominal aoritc aneurysm

**Transmural** inflamation of the aortic wall loss of **elastin**

Which organ is spared in Polyarteritis nodosa?

Lungs

Selected inherited disorders and their Heart effects

How does adenosine work as a cardiac drug

It works on **phase 4** by acting on **K** channels to prolong repolarization

which part of the heart is the most anterior

Right ventricle

Lowering PaCO2 decreases ICP via cerebral vasoconstriction

Concentric vs Eccentric heart growth

**Concentric** is due to *pressure overload* (Hypertension / Aortic stenosis) \_\_\_\_\_ **Eccentric** is due to volume overload (Aortic or mitral regurg / Dilated cardiomy / MI)

what substances are the two major modulators of **coronary blood flow?**

**Adenosine** and **NO**

Left vs Right coronary dominance is judged by which coronary atery supplies the PDA (posterior decending artery)

Most people are **Right coronary dominant** (so their right CA supples the av node) \_\_\_\_ if youre left dominant then your **left circumflex** supples the PDA along with the av node

what are the most common cause of subungual splinter hemmoraghes?

microemboli due to vegatations on heart valves from ## Footnote **endocarditis**

whats the symptoms of **Kartageners syndrome**

lack of dynein arms infertitility, situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, **bronchietasis**

Whats **myocardium hibernation**

*chronic myocardial ischemia* that leads to **decreased contractility** (LV systolic function)

when a person has an **TIA/infart/brain hemoraghe** with a known **DVT**

Paroxsymal embolism when the thrombosis goes from venous (duh) into arterial circulation via ASD or shunts *Fixed splitting*