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Brain Gainz > Respiratory smart book > Flashcards

Respiratory smart book Flashcards

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1
Q

Round basophilic bodies found in the nuclei

whats this things function?

A

nucleolus

Site of ribosomal subunit maturation

rRNA synthesized by RNA polymerase I

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2
Q

what are the nueroendocrine elements that small cell carcinoma of the lung can present with?

A

Small dark blue cells

chromogranin,

neuron-specific enolase,

NCAM (adhesion molecule)

Nuerofilaments

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3
Q

what is the Amnionic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio used for

A

Lecithin is a type of phospholipid

the ratio is used to measure fetal lung maturity

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4
Q

what is methacholine used for?

A

its a muscurinc agonist used to test for asthma

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5
Q

whats x-linked agammaglobinemia

A

a deficiency of B-cells/ decr. all Ig classes

recurent bacterial and enteroviral infections after 6 months (maternal igG goes away)

no CD19/20

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6
Q

on spirometry test, when is pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest?

A

its at the end of regular expiration

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7
Q

what type of lung pathology does obesity cauase (obstructive or restrictive)

A

Restrictive

Reduction of ERV(expir. reserve volume)

but sometimes everthing else can be decreased as well

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8
Q

what is the major cause of lung abscesses

which organisms cause this?

A

Aspiration due to loss of consciousness

-alchoholics/drug OD/epileptics/brainprollems-

Bacteroides, peptostrepto, fusobacterium

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9
Q

what type of vaccines do you use for bacteria that have capsules (like strep pneumo)

A

You use a conjugated polysaccharide vaccine

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10
Q

which viral infection puts transplant patients at risk?

A

CMV

owl eys on histo

Enveloped/ double stranded / DNA virus

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11
Q

what does cord factor do in TB

A

its a virulence factor which inhibits nuetrophils/ destroys mitochondria/ and releases tnf-a

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12
Q

tell me about CF

A

its a deletion of f508 gene/ CFTR protein

fucked up Cl channels so they cant reabsorb Cl, Na, or H20 from sweat glands

high salt wasting due to lack of reabsorption

Hyponatremia

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13
Q

What causes Superior Vena Cava syndrome?

A

A malignacy (Lung/mediastinal) that pinches the SVC

Facial plethora, blanching, JVD

dilated collateral veins

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14
Q

PaCO2 is major stimulate for respiration in healthy peeps

incr. in PaCO2 will cause hyperventilation

(central chemorecptors)

______________

but in COPD patients, Co2 effects get blunted so they rely on paO2 which is controlled by

peripheral Chemoreceptors

A
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15
Q

does the visceral pluera carry pain fibers?

A

NO

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16
Q

Parietal pluera

what innervates the diaphragm/mediastinal pleura?

A

Phrenic nerve

C3-5

pain gets refered to the shoulder

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17
Q

Sarcoidosis facts

A

40 yo AA femal

noncaseating granuloma, hilar lymphadenopathy, increased ACE levels and Hypercalcemia

(the granulomas produce ACE and 1,25 D3)

you get a very high CD4 count (t cells)

18
Q

Difference between Absolute and Relative erythrocytosis

A

Absolute- increase in totalt RBC mass

Relative - no increase

19
Q

shows that the lung extends just above the clavicle

A
20
Q

guy gets chicken bone stuck in his throat

wheres the most common location of this

which nerve is at risk for injury? reflex is injured?

A

Piriform recess

internal laryngeal nerve

Cough reflex 9 & 10

21
Q

Super-normal expiratory flow

A

RESTRICTIVE DZ

22
Q

what causes Kussumaul breathing?

A

Metabolic Acidosis

23
Q

what type of breathing is this and what causes it?

A

Cheynne Stokes breathing

CHF

This is apnea (periods of no breathing) thats followed by increasing and decreasing tidal volumes

24
Q

what kind of breathing is this?

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

25
Q

what enzyme deficiency causes Chronic granulomatous dz?

what are the diagnostic test to be familiar with?

A

NADPH oxidase deficiency

Nitroblue Tretrazolium (NBT) / Dihydrohomanine (DHR)

no immunoflourescene

26
Q

Whats the triad of Kartageners

A

Situs inversus, bronchiectasis, chornic sinusitis

27
Q

what makes up MHC class I molecules?

_____

MHC Class II

A

MHC class I Heavy chain & B2 microglobulin

_________

MHC class II alpha & beta polypeptides

28
Q

If you see meconium illeus of an infant at birth what should you think?

Inspissisated?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

29
Q

What are the main causes of death in a CF patient

A

Pnuemonia, Bronchiectasis, Cor pulmonae

30
Q

symptoms of pancoast tumor (superior sulcus)

A

Horners, SVC syndrome, Hoarseness

Sensory-motor defects

Shoulder pain

31
Q

pneumocisis with eggshell calcifications in the hilar nodes

bifringent/ fibrosis

what has this been associated with?

A

Silicosis

associated w/ risk of TB

it fucks up the macrophages

32
Q

a smoker comes in with pneumonia, confusion, diarrhea, and high fever

sputum doesnt tell you anything.

A

Legionella

legionairres dz

33
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

mutation at CFTR F508

impairs post-translational transcription so CFTR gets shunted to proteasome for degredation

34
Q

Left sided heart failure –> increased pulmonary vein pressure –> increased hydrostatic pressure –> pulmonary edema –> decreased lung compliance

A
35
Q

Pressure = (2 x tension)/ radius

A
36
Q

takes 2-4 weeks for you to get an immune response from mycobacterium tuberculosis

___

before then, the bacteria is steadily replicating in the macrophage

A
37
Q

High altitude —>hypoxemia–> hyperventilation —>respiratory alkylosis —> after 2 days your kidneys shoot out bicarb

A
38
Q

role of Vit A

A

Visual pigments

stimulates differentation of epithelial cells

(pancreatic cells and mucus secreting)

prevents squamous metaplasia

give to CF patients with bad pancreas

39
Q

chest tube placement

thru the Serratus anterior

A
40
Q

whats a lung hamartoma (pulmonary chondroma)

A

a round coin lesion

composed of cartilage, fat, and fibrous tissue

41
Q

what part of the lung gets affected in

chronic transplant rejection?

A

The Small airways via inflammation and fibrosis

bronchiolitis obliterans

42
Q

live attenuated vs killed vaccines

A

Live attenuated (cellular defense)

enter the cell to stimulate MHC class I/CD8 T cells that kill viurs infected cells upon reinfection

__________

killed vaccines (humoral/ab)

dont enter the cell, which means it cant stimulate T cell memory. it creates antibodies against virulence factors of the virus

Brain Gainz (30 decks)

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