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Question 1

all blood levels are normal EXCEPT increased Neutruophils with infection in the question stem

Answer 1

Leukomoid reaction

benign luekocytosis with increased bands and myelocytes

Question 2

whats cachexia

Answer 2

anorexia + anemia, malaise, and muscle waisting

Question 3

role of TNF-a

what bodily effects can it cause?

Answer 3

produced by macrophages in response to infection as well as tumors

appetite suppresion and incr. basal metabolic rate

Question 4

Bcl2

what lymphoma is it associated with? translocation

whats its function?

Answer 4

Follicular lymphoma

(14,18)

it is anti-apoptotic

Question 5

fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity

which cancer?

Answer 5

CML

Question 6

function of c-myc

which cancer has the translocation?

Answer 6

transcription activator

Burkits lympohma (8,14)

Question 7

function of cyclin D

cancer and translocation?

Answer 7

promoter of G1 to S phase transition

Mantle lymphoma (11,14)

Question 8

where is natural heparin located?

Answer 8

mast cells

Question 9

which organ releases EPO (increase hematocrit)

Answer 9

Kidneys bruh

Question 10

What substance is realeased from the mitochondria that activates the intrinsice pathway of apoptosis? what does it activate?

Answer 10

Cytochrome C

caspases

Question 11

Whats the function of FAS (CD95)

Answer 11

Extrinsic apoptosis

Fas binds to ligand and then a bunch of Fas come together to form a binding site for a death domain protein “FADD” –> binds to caspase to activate it

Question 12

which leukemia presents with mediastinal mass?

Answer 12

T-ALL

Question 13

which drugs are cytochrome p450 inducers

Answer 13

Question 14

what is the cell marker for monocytes-macrophages?

Answer 14

CD14

Question 15

what are the two main NNRTIs (non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)>

Answer 15

Nevirapine / efavirenz

Question 16

lymphoma that fluctuates in size?

Answer 16

Follicular B cell lymphoma

Question 17

which heme drug inhibites Gp IIb/IIIa

Answer 17

Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban

Question 18

what is CD10 and CD19 a marker of?

Answer 18

Precursor B cell

Question 19

blood labs

Answer 19

Question 20

levels of homocystein and methlymalonic acid

in b12 deficiency

folate defiency

Answer 20

B12: increase in BOTH

folate: increas in Homocystiene

Question 21

function of Retinoblastoma protein

what is it associated with?

Answer 21

regulator of g1–>S phase transition

hypophosphorylated (active) inhibits transcription

Hyperphosporylated (inactive G0)

Cyclin D phosphyrlates its making it inactive

Question 22

function of C-myc

Answer 22

its a Transcription activator

Question 23

what are the symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Answer 23

CRAAB

hypercalcemia, Renal problems, anemia, Amyloidosis, Bone lytic lesions

Question 24

Whats a common sequela of beta thal Major treat?

Answer 24

they require lots of RBC transfusions

so you can get Hemosiderosis (iron overload)

they also undergo numerous chelations to help with the overload

Question 25

function of icam, pecam p selectin

Answer 25

l,e,p selectins: rolling Icam: crawling, tight adhesion pecam: transmigration

Question 26

whats the function of **KRAS**

Answer 26

protooncogen that encodes a **GTP-binding protein** causes increased **cell proliferation** that is resistant to **EDGFR**

Question 27

what should you think of when you see RBCs lacking **CD 55/59**

Answer 27

**Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria** **GPI** anchors those down to RBC to prevent NPH but in this dz pts dont have GPI

Question 28

whats the inheritance of G6PD deficiency and what do you see in the cells?

Answer 28

X linked recessive Heinz bodies (denatured hb)

Question 29

Whats the inheritance of Hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 29

Autosomal Dominant

Question 30

what is the gene **BRCA1/2**

Answer 30

its a **tumor suppressor gene** that requires **2 hit** its a **DNA repair gene**

Question 31

Where is **cytokeratin found**

Answer 31

**Epithelial cells**

Question 32

Whats extramedullar hematopoeis what causes it?

Answer 32

its when the live and spleen start to make blood cells since the bone marrow isnt working chronic hemolysis

Question 33

younger than 50 but keep getting DVTs

Answer 33

most likely an inherited Hypercoagulable state (maybe Factor V laiden)

Question 34

What all can cause a dry tap?

Answer 34

Aplastic anemia myelofibrosis **Hairy cell leukemia**

Question 35

how do you treat HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia)

Answer 35

Direct thrombin inhbitors -rudins, argotraban

Question 36

What are the clinical presentations of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 36

Pica, conjuctival pallor, **spoon** nails

Question 37

Benign lymph node enlargement is due to **POLYclonal** proliferation of T- lympocytes

Question 38

which heme route leads to predisposition to

Answer 38

Chronic hemolysis

Question 39

whats a reticulocyte

Answer 39

immatrue RBC that is slightly larger and bluer than a mature RBC

Question 40

whats AIP and whats the treatment

Answer 40

wine Urine that turns dark after exposure to air its due to a defect of PBG deaminase tx-glucose and heme to inhibit (ala synthase)

Question 41

whats pure red cell aplasia whats it associated with?

Answer 41

marrow failure so low hemoglobin and low erythrocyte **thymoma,** parvo, lymophocytic leukemia

Question 42

definition of anaplastic (undifferentiated) tumor

Answer 42

bear no resemblance to the tissue of origin giant tumor cells w/ large nuclei

Question 43

what are some clinical presentations of lupus?

Answer 43

Butterfly macular rash Migratory Arthritis

Question 44

what are the main functions of the spleen?

Answer 44

destroying aged and abnormal RBCs **\***clearance of circulating **bacteria** site of **Opsonization antibody** synthesis (these clear encapsulated species)

Question 45

whats the function of a telomere? what is a telomerase?

Answer 45

they have **tandem repeat DNA synthesis**. they prevent **shortening of chromosome** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** Rna dependent DNA polymerase that replaces the ends of telomeres (cancers usually have hyperactive telomerases)

Question 46

whats the receptor on Tcells that when it binds to a tumor cell it self destructs?

Answer 46

**PD-1** (programed death receptor)

Question 47

dark urine, anemia, high retic count after starting TMP-SMX

Answer 47

G6pd deficiency symptoms present after infections, meds, other oxidative stress

Question 48

what are the 2 growth factors that drive **angiogenesis**

Answer 48

Vascular endothelia groth factor (**VEGF**) Fibroblast growth factor (**FGF**) = endothelial cell prolif

Question 49

Which enzyme helps tumors invade the basal membrane by degrading *extracellular matrix*

Answer 49

**Metalloproteinases**

Question 50

differential diagnosis of back pain

Answer 50

Question 51

what should you think when you see hypersegmented neutrophils?

Answer 51

**Megaloblastic anemia**

Question 52

Whats the structure of immunoglobulin where do antigens bind, where does compliment bind, and where does phagocytosis bind

Answer 52

Antigen binds to top (Fab) compliment binds to side phagocytosis binds to (Fc)

Question 53

antiemetic to chemo drugs whats Neurokinin 1

Answer 53

Question 54

cytochrome p450 is a type of **oxidase**

Question 55

whats a factor besides dietary intake that can cause **folate deficiency**

Answer 55

**Alcoholics**

Question 56

What is **Li-Fraumeni syndrome**

Answer 56

when a real young patient has a shit ton of different cancers due to a **autosomal dominant** mutation in the tumor suppressor gene **tP53** so they have tumors that just run wild