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jh Flashcards

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1
Q

all blood levels are normal EXCEPT increased Neutruophils with infection in the question stem

A

Leukomoid reaction

benign luekocytosis with increased bands and myelocytes

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2
Q

whats cachexia

A

anorexia + anemia, malaise, and muscle waisting

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3
Q

role of TNF-a

what bodily effects can it cause?

A

produced by macrophages in response to infection as well as tumors

appetite suppresion and incr. basal metabolic rate

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4
Q

Bcl2

what lymphoma is it associated with? translocation

whats its function?

A

Follicular lymphoma

(14,18)

it is anti-apoptotic

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5
Q

fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity

which cancer?

A

CML

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6
Q

function of c-myc

which cancer has the translocation?

A

transcription activator

Burkits lympohma (8,14)

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7
Q

function of cyclin D

cancer and translocation?

A

promoter of G1 to S phase transition

Mantle lymphoma (11,14)

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8
Q

where is natural heparin located?

A

mast cells

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9
Q

which organ releases EPO (increase hematocrit)

A

Kidneys bruh

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10
Q

What substance is realeased from the mitochondria that activates the intrinsice pathway of apoptosis? what does it activate?

A

Cytochrome C

caspases

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11
Q

Whats the function of FAS (CD95)

A

Extrinsic apoptosis

Fas binds to ligand and then a bunch of Fas come together to form a binding site for a death domain protein “FADD” –> binds to caspase to activate it

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12
Q

which leukemia presents with mediastinal mass?

A

T-ALL

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13
Q

which drugs are cytochrome p450 inducers

A
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14
Q

what is the cell marker for monocytes-macrophages?

A

CD14

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15
Q

what are the two main NNRTIs (non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)>

A

Nevirapine / efavirenz

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16
Q

lymphoma that fluctuates in size?

A

Follicular B cell lymphoma

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17
Q

which heme drug inhibites Gp IIb/IIIa

A

Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban

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18
Q

what is CD10 and CD19 a marker of?

A

Precursor B cell

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19
Q

blood labs

A
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20
Q

levels of homocystein and methlymalonic acid

in b12 deficiency

folate defiency

A

B12: increase in BOTH

folate: increas in Homocystiene

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21
Q

function of Retinoblastoma protein

what is it associated with?

A

regulator of g1–>S phase transition

hypophosphorylated (active) inhibits transcription

Hyperphosporylated (inactive G0)

Cyclin D phosphyrlates its making it inactive

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22
Q

function of C-myc

A

its a Transcription activator

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

A

CRAAB

hypercalcemia, Renal problems, anemia, Amyloidosis, Bone lytic lesions

24
Q

Whats a common sequela of beta thal Major treat?

A

they require lots of RBC transfusions

so you can get Hemosiderosis (iron overload)

they also undergo numerous chelations to help with the overload

25
Q

function of icam, pecam

p selectin

A

l,e,p selectins: rolling

Icam: crawling, tight adhesion

pecam: transmigration

26
Q

whats the function of KRAS

A

protooncogen that encodes a GTP-binding protein

causes increased cell proliferation that is resistant to EDGFR

27
Q

what should you think of when you see RBCs lacking CD 55/59

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

GPI anchors those down to RBC to prevent NPH but in this dz pts dont have GPI

28
Q

whats the inheritance of G6PD deficiency and what do you see in the cells?

A

X linked recessive

Heinz bodies (denatured hb)

29
Q

Whats the inheritance of Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Autosomal Dominant

30
Q

what is the gene BRCA1/2

A

its a tumor suppressor gene that requires 2 hit

its a DNA repair gene

31
Q

Where is cytokeratin found

A

Epithelial cells

32
Q

Whats extramedullar hematopoeis

what causes it?

A

its when the live and spleen start to make blood cells since the bone marrow isnt working

chronic hemolysis

33
Q

younger than 50 but keep getting DVTs

A

most likely an inherited Hypercoagulable state

(maybe Factor V laiden)

34
Q

What all can cause a dry tap?

A

Aplastic anemia

myelofibrosis

Hairy cell leukemia

35
Q

how do you treat HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia)

A

Direct thrombin inhbitors

-rudins, argotraban

36
Q

What are the clinical presentations of iron deficiency anemia

A

Pica, conjuctival pallor, spoon nails

37
Q

Benign lymph node enlargement is due to POLYclonal proliferation of T- lympocytes

A
38
Q

which heme route leads to predisposition to

A

Chronic hemolysis

39
Q

whats a reticulocyte

A

immatrue RBC that is slightly larger and bluer than a mature RBC

40
Q

whats AIP and whats the treatment

A

wine Urine that turns dark after exposure to air

its due to a defect of PBG deaminase

tx-glucose and heme to inhibit (ala synthase)

41
Q

whats pure red cell aplasia

whats it associated with?

A

marrow failure

so low hemoglobin and low erythrocyte

thymoma, parvo, lymophocytic leukemia

42
Q

definition of anaplastic (undifferentiated) tumor

A

bear no resemblance to the tissue of origin

giant tumor cells w/ large nuclei

43
Q

what are some clinical presentations of lupus?

A

Butterfly macular rash

Migratory Arthritis

44
Q

what are the main functions of the spleen?

A

destroying aged and abnormal RBCs

*clearance of circulating bacteria

site of Opsonization antibody synthesis (these clear encapsulated species)

45
Q

whats the function of a telomere?

what is a telomerase?

A

they have tandem repeat DNA synthesis. they prevent shortening of chromosome

___________

Rna dependent DNA polymerase that replaces the ends of telomeres

(cancers usually have hyperactive telomerases)

46
Q

whats the receptor on Tcells that when it binds to a tumor cell it self destructs?

A

PD-1 (programed death receptor)

47
Q

dark urine, anemia, high retic count after starting TMP-SMX

A

G6pd deficiency

symptoms present after infections, meds, other oxidative stress

48
Q

what are the 2 growth factors that drive angiogenesis

A

Vascular endothelia groth factor (VEGF)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) = endothelial cell prolif

49
Q

Which enzyme helps tumors invade the basal membrane by degrading extracellular matrix

A

Metalloproteinases

50
Q

differential diagnosis of back pain

A
51
Q

what should you think when you see hypersegmented neutrophils?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

52
Q

Whats the structure of immunoglobulin

where do antigens bind, where does compliment bind, and where does phagocytosis bind

A

Antigen binds to top (Fab)

compliment binds to side

phagocytosis binds to (Fc)

53
Q

antiemetic to chemo drugs

whats Neurokinin 1

A
54
Q

cytochrome p450 is a type of oxidase

A
55
Q

whats a factor besides dietary intake that can cause folate deficiency

A

Alcoholics

56
Q

What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

when a real young patient has a shit ton of different cancers due to a autosomal dominant mutation

in the tumor suppressor gene tP53 so they have tumors that just run wild

Brain Gainz (30 decks)

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