Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychiatry > SM_98b-99b: Schizophrenia and Antipsychotics > Flashcards

SM_98b-99b: Schizophrenia and Antipsychotics Flashcards

1
Q

____ is a firmly held, fixed false belief, that can be bizarre or non-bizarre

A

Delusion is a firmly held, fixed false belief, that can be bizarre or non-bizarre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____ can be auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, or proprioceptory

A

Hallucination xan be auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, or proprioceptory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is a disorder in the form of though which becomes evident in speech and behavior

A

Thought disorder is a disorder in the form of though which becomes evident in speech and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia

  • Two or more of: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms (apathy / flat affect / alogia / avolition / anhedonia)
  • Marked impairment in role functioning
  • Duration for > 6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include ____ and ____

A

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions and hallucinations

(new things overlaid on an otherwise normal psyche)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include lack of facial expressions, alogia, apathy, and lack of spontaneous action

(behaviors removed from an otherwise normal psyche, deficits of non-verbal communication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia include disorganized ____ and ____ coming from disorganized ____

A

Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia include disorganized behavior and language coming from disorganized thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe pathological changes in schizophrenia

A

Pathological changes in schizophrenia

  • Enlarged ventricles (non-specific)
  • Volume and shape changes of thalamus
  • Altered development and shape changes in schizophrenia
  • Loss of integrity in white matter tracts especially in frontotemporal regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In schizophrenia, there is a loss of integrity in white matter tracts, especially in ____ regions, leading to ____

A

In schizophrenia, there is a loss of integrity in white matter tracts, especially in frontotemporal regions, leading to network dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ is startle response is independent of cognitive control and ____ attenuated in schizophrenia

A

Prepulse inhibition is startle response is independent of cognitive control and is NOT attenuated in schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prepulse inhibition is reversed by ____

A

Prepulse inhibition is reversed by antipsychotic medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe cytology findings in schizophrenia

A

Cytology findings in schizophrenia

  • Impaired neuronal migration
  • Volume loss without reduced number of neurons
  • Changes in interneurons and dendritic spines
  • Alzheimer’s findings confirmed

No signs of degeneration (gliosis, plaques, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ region copy number variations serve as a model for schizophrenia due to their role in ____, ____, and ____

A

16p11.2 region copy number variations serve as a model for schizophrenia due to their role in differentiation, migration, and plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

People with schizophrenia may have a ____ predisposition

A

People with schizophrenia may have a genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Environmental factors implicated in schizophrenia act during ____ or ____

A

Environmental factors implicated in schizophrenia act during early neurogenesis or in the perinatal period

  • Fetal hypoxia and birth trauma
  • Maternal infections (influenza, rubella, etc)
  • Winter birth months
  • Low SES
  • Stress (poverty, war, natural disasters)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cannabis use is associated with ____

A

Cannabis use is associated with schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ is a medication that may be used to treat schizophrenia

A

Chlorpromazine is a medication that may be used to treat schizophrenia

  • Immediate effects: decreased agitation, decreased emotional intensity (less affect), decreased interest in environment, causes sense of indifference
  • Delayed effects: reduced hallucinations, reduced delusions, improvement in disordered thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of chlorpromazine

A

Chlorpromazine

  • Reversed epinephrine: catecholamines (alpha-1)
  • Anti-emetic effects: dopamine
  • Caused catalepsy: dopamine
  • Atropine-like effects: ACh
  • Prevented bronchospasm: histamine
  • Indifference: dopamine
19
Q

_____ dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to the limbic system and is involved in emotion, motivation, and goal-oriented activity

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to the limbic system and is involved in emotion, motivation, and goal-oriented activity

20
Q

Blockade of ____ dopamine pathway is clinically effective in treating schizophrenia

A

Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine pathway is clinically effective in treating schizophrenia

21
Q

____ dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to basal ganglia and is involved in fine control of movement

A

Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to basal ganglia and is involved in fine control of movement

22
Q

Blockade of ____ dopamine pathway leads to acute dystonias, Parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia

A

Blockade of nigrostriatal dopamine pathway leads to acute dystonias, Parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia

23
Q

____ dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to frontal cortex

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway spans from the VTA to frontal cortex

24
Q

Blockade of ____ dopamine pathway may worsen cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Blockade of mesocortical dopamine pathway may worsen cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

25
Q

_____ dopamine pathway from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

Tuberinfundibular dopamine pathway from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

26
Q

Blockade of ____ dopamine pathway removes inhibition of prolactin, leading to galactorrhea, gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction, and amenorrhea

A

Blockade of tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway removes inhibition of prolactin, leading to galactorrhea, gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction, and amenorrhea

27
Q

Efficacy of medication for schizophrenia correlates strongly with the degree of blockade of ____ receptors and is achieved at 65-70% occupancy

A

Efficacy of medication for schizophrenia correlates strongly with the degree of blockade of mesolimbic D2 dopamine receptors and is achieved at 65-70% occupancy

28
Q

_____ has greater efficacy for positive symptoms of schizophrenia than other antipsychotics

A

Clozapine has greater efficacy for positive symptoms of schizophrenia than other antipsychotics

(some negative symptoms may be a side effect of blocking dopamine in the mesocortical pathway)

29
Q

Antipsychotic blockade of a1 receptors can cause side effects of ____, ____, or ____

A

Antipsychotic blockade of a1 receptors can cause side effects of hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension), dizziness, and sedation

30
Q

Antipsychotic blockade of histamine H1 receptors can cause side effects of ____ and ____

A

Antipsychotic blockade of histamine H1 receptors can cause side effects of sedation and weight gain

31
Q

Antipsychotic blockade of muscarinic receptors can cause side effects of ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Antipsychotic blockade of muscarinic receptors can cause side effects of memory / cognitive effects, xerostomia (dry mouth), constipation, tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, hyperthermia, and precipiation of narrow-angle glaucoma

32
Q

Describe mechanism of action of haloperidol

A

Haloperidol mechanism of action

  • Anti-emetic effects: dopamine
  • Caused cataplexy in rats: dopamine
  • Indiference: dopamine
  • Reversed amphetamines: dopamine
33
Q

____ potency antipsychotics have greater affinity for the dopamine receptor and greater risk of dopamine-mediated side effects such as dystonias, parkinsonism, and akathesia

A

High potency antipsychotics have greater affinity for the dopamine receptor and greater risk of dopamine-mediated side effects such as dystonias, parkinsonism, and akathesia

  • Akathesia: uncomfortable sense of inner restlessness
34
Q

____ potency antipsychotics have lower affinity for the dopamine receptor and greater risk of cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminic side effects

A

Low potency antipsychotics have lower affinity for the dopamine receptor and greater risk of cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminic side effects

35
Q

Dopamine hypothesis stipulates symptoms of schizophrenia are related to an ____ of ____ in the synapse but is over-simplistic

A

Dopamine hypothesis stipulates symptoms of schizophrenia are related to an excess of dopamine in the synapse but is over-simplistic

36
Q

Describe mechanism of action of clozapine

A

Clozapine mechanism of action

  • Reversed epinephrine: catecholamines (a1)
  • Anti-emetic effects: dopamine
  • Atropine-like effects: ACh
  • Prevented bronchospasm: histamine
  • Indifference: dopamine
37
Q

_____ is an atypical antipsychotic because it has a lack of movement-related side effects and blocks serotonin and dopamine

A

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic because it has a lack of movement-related side effects and blocks serotonin and dopamine

38
Q

____ has greater efficacy than any other antipsychotic but causes ____

A

Clozapine has greater efficacy than any other antipsychotic but causes agranulocytosis

39
Q

Risperidone is an antipsychotic that acts by blocking ____ and ____ receptors

A

Risperidone is an antipsychotic that acts by blocking serotonin and dopamine receptors

40
Q

Second-generation antipsychotics are called atypical because they ____ and ____

A

Second-generation antipsychotics are called atypical because they lack movement-related side effects and block serotonin and dopamine

41
Q

Describe side effects of second-generation / atypical antipsychotics

A

Side effects of second-generation / atypical antipsychotics

42
Q

____ and ____ induce schizophrenia-like effects and are NMDA antagonists

(effects reversed by NMDA agonists)

A

Ketamine and phencyclidine induce schizophrenia-like effects and are NMDA antagonists

43
Q

Glutamate hypothesis states ____ may precipitate psychosis

A

Glutamate hypothesis states insufficient glutamate signaling on NMDA receptors may precipitate psychosis

(NMDA receptors module dopamine release)

44
Q

____ presents as delusions, personality changes, mania, depression, and apathy resulting from Treponema pallidum

A

Neurosyphilis presents as delusions, personality changes, mania, depression, and apathy resulting from Treponema pallidum

Psychiatry (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions