SM_104b: ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD is a ____ that presents as ____, ____, and ____

A

ADHD is a neurobiological developmental disorder of focus / attention / organization, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that presents as behavioral issues, problems with academics / work, and social issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe DSM-5 criteria for ADHD

A

ADHD DSM-5 criteria

  • Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development AND has persisted for 6 months
  • Six or more symptoms in one/both categories: inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity
  • Several symptoms must appear before age 12 years
  • Several symptoms must occur in at least 2 settings
  • Symptoms interfere with or reduce quality of social, academic, or occupational functioning
  • Symptoms are not better explained by another psychiatric disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe inattentive symptoms of ADHD

A

Inattentive symptoms of ADHD

  • Often fails to give close attention to detail or makes careless mistakes
  • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or activities
  • Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
  • Does not follow through or finish schoolwork, chores, or duties at work
  • Difficulty organizing
  • Avoids or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort
  • Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities
  • Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli or unrelated thoughts
  • Forgetful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD

  • Often figdgets with or taps hands/feet or squirms in seat
  • Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected
  • Runs / climbs in situations where it is inappropriate or limited to feeling restless in adolescents or adults
  • Difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly
  • Often on the go, acts as if driven by a motor
  • Talks excessively
  • Blurts out answers or completes others’ sentences
  • Difficulty waiting for one’s turn or waiting in line
  • Interrupts / intrudes on others
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Predominantly inattentive presentation of ADHD requires ____

A

Predominantly inattentive presentation of ADHD requires at least 6 of 9 criteria of inattention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation of ADHD requires ____

A

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation of ADHD requires at least 6 of 9 criteria of hyperactivity/impulsivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Combined presentation of ADHD requires ____

A

Combined presentation of ADHD requires at least 6 of 9 criteria of both the inattentive and hyperactivity/impulsivity subsets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ symptoms of ADHD usually abate through adolescence but many individuals continue to have symptoms into adulthood

A

Hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD usually abate through adolescence but many individuals continue to have symptoms into adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Almost 2/3 of children with ADHD have at least one ____

A

Almost 2/3 of children with ADHD have at least one other mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Etiology of ADHD is ____ but also involves ____ risk factors

A

Etiology of ADHD is strongly genetic but also involves environmental risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Environmental risk factors for ADHD include ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Environmental risk factors for ADHD include smoking / alcohol / drugs during pregnancy, lead exposure, brain injury, and premature delivery and low birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

People with ADHD have structural and functional differences in the ____ and ____ compared to controls

A

People with ADHD have structural and functional differences in the prefrontal cortex and striatum compared to controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prefrontal cortex is involved in ____ including ____, ____, and ____

A

Prefrontal cortex is involved in executive function including planning, prioritizing, and decision making

(differences in ADHD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Striatum is involved in ____ including ____, ____, and ____

A

Striatum is involved in emotional executive function including risk / reward, reinforcement, and motivation

(differences in ADHD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

People with ADHD have ____ total brain volumes, for all four lobes, and the cerebellum

A

People with ADHD have smaller total brain volumes, for all four lobes, and the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe diagnosis of ADHD

A

Diagnosis of ADHD

  • Patient interview
  • Parent interview
  • Rating scales from parents and teachers
  • Complete medical history
  • Physical examination in the past year
  • Vision and hearing tests in children
  • Neuropsychological testing by a psychologist
  • Speech and language assessment
17
Q

Neuroimaging tests are ____ in evaluation of ADHD

A

Neuroimaging tests are NOT used in the evaluation of ADHD

18
Q

____ is the best treatment for core ADHD symptoms

A

Medication alone (stimulant) with or without therapy is the best treatment for core ADHD symptoms

(combination treatment with meds and behavioral therapy better for other areas of functioning)

19
Q

____ are first-line medications for ADHD

A

Stimulants are first-line medications for ADHD

20
Q

Stimulant classes for ADHD are ____ and ____

A

Stimulant classes for ADHD are methylphenidate and amphetamine mixed salts

(short-acting and long-acting in each)

22
Q

Ritalin (regular) is a ____ used to treat ADHD

A

Ritalin (regular) is a short-acting methylphenidate used to treat ADHD

23
Q

Adderal is a ____ used to treat ADHD

A

Adderal is a short-acting amphetamine mixed salt used to treat ADHD

24
Q

Stimulants for ADHD act by ____ and ____

A

Stimulants for ADHD act by stimulating portions of the brain that are underactive and increasing available dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake transporters and facilitating release into synapse

25
Atomexetine is a non-stimulant used for ADHD that acts as a \_\_\_\_
Atomexetine is a non-stimulant used for ADHD that acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
26
\_\_\_\_ and ____ are non-stimulant alpha agonists used to treat ADHD
Guanfacine and clonidine are non-stimulant alpha agonists used to treat ADHD (reduce CNS activation)
27
Guanfacine is an ____ used to treat ADHD that \_\_\_\_
Guanfacine is an alpha agonist used to treat ADHD that reduces CNS activation (non-stimulant)
28
Clonidine is an ____ used to treat ADHD that \_\_\_\_
Clonidine is an alpha agonist used to treat ADHD that reduces CNS activation (non-stimulant)
29
Common side effects of stimulants for ADHD are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Common side effects of stimulants for ADHD are decreased appetite, insomnia, headache, and nausea
30
Common side effects of guanfacine and clonidine for ADHD are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Common side effects of guanfacine and clonidine for ADHD are sedation, drowsiness, and depression
31
Common side effects of atomexetine for ADHD are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Common side effects of atomexetine for ADHD are nausea, stomach pain, and mood swings / irritability
32
Non-medical treatments for ADHD include ____ and \_\_\_\_
Non-medical treatments for ADHD include behavior modification / parent training and academic accomodations (504 plan or IEP)
33
Behavior therapy techniques for ADHD include \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Behavior therapy techniques for ADHD include * Positive reinforcement * Time-out * Response cost * Token economy
34
Describe the significance of ADHD
Significance of ADHD: lifelong problems with behavior in * School / work * Relationships * Substance use