SM_84b: Brain States Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is maintaining cognitive focus on a single task or behavior

A

Attention is maintaining cognitive focus on a single task or behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____ is the level of conscious brain activity

A

Arousal is the level of conscious brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ is the process of receiving, interpreting, and acting on sensory input to the brain

A

Cognition is the process of receiving, interpreting, and acting on sensory input to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clearest transition between normal states is between ____ and ____

A

Clearest transition between normal states is between awake and asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brain is a ____ system

A

Brain is a semiparallel system (distinct domains of function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ deficits are abnormalities of brain function that typically result from injuries to specific parts of a pathway related to a domain of neurologic function

A

Focal deficits are abnormalities of brain function that typically result from injuries to specific parts of a pathway related to a domain of neurologic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most focal deficits show patterns of injury that are _____, meaning they only occur from injury at a specific place in the nervous system

A

Most focal deficits show patterns of injury that are localizing, meaning they only occur from injury at a specific place in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drunk rule of thumb for nonfocal deficits: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, etc

A

Drunk rule of thumb for nonfocal deficits: ataxia, dysarthria, inattention, confusion, headache, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

System for modulating brain activity accomplishes basic neuron-to-neuron signaling with ____ and ____

A

System for modulating brain activity accomplishes basic neuron-to-neuron signaling with glutamate and GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pineal gland secreting ____ and hypothalamus-____ system are involved in inducing sleep

A

Pineal gland secreting melatonin and hypothalamus-orexin system are involved in inducing sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ is a small collection of nuclei starting in the brainstem that induce arousal

A

Ascending reticular activating system is a small collection of nuclei starting in the brainstem that induce arousal

  • Midbrain -> interlaminar nuclei of the thalami -> cortex
  • Use ACh and NE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Impairment of arousal results from

  • ____
  • ____
  • ____
A

Impairment of arousal results from

  • Injury to the ascending reticular activating system in the midbrain
  • Injury to both thalami interrupting the transmission of the ascending reticular activating system to the cortex
  • Widespread dysfunction of both cerebral hemispheres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ is a state of unresponsiveness where the patient cannot be stimulated to respond purposefully

A

Coma is a state of unresponsiveness where the patient cannot be stimulated to respond purposefully

  • No awareness of self or environment
  • No eye opening or evidence of circadian rhythm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ is a state between alert and coma in which the patient can respond purposefully but requires constant stimulation to engage

A

Stupor is a state between alert and coma in which the patient can respond purposefully but requires constant stimulation to engage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ is similar to stupor but involves a more mild reduction in level of arousla

A

Obtundation is similar to stupor but involves a more mild reduction in level of arousla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ is a state of fluctuating attention and cognitive clarity often accompanied by sensory misperceptions / hallucinations

A

Delirium is a state of fluctuating attention and cognitive clarity often accompanied by sensory misperceptions / hallucinations

  • Often due to generalized illness
  • Often in people vulnerable due to age or other chronic mild brain injury, but not caused by direct brain injury
  • Associated with poor outcomes after acute injury and greater risk of death
17
Q

_____ occurs when injury to the pons impairs facial movements, eye movements, and interrupts the corticospinal tract causing quadriplegia

A

Locked-in syndrome occurs when injury to the pons impairs facial movements, eye movements, and interrupts the corticospinal tract causing quadriplegia

  • Conscious but unable to create muscle movements
18
Q

_____ is like a coma but with return of some circadian rhythm that causes periods of eye opening, roving eye movements, and autonomic changes typically seen with the sleep / wake cycle but without evidence of awareness of self or environment

A

Vegetative state is like a coma but with return of some circadian rhythm that causes periods of eye opening, roving eye movements, and autonomic changes typically seen with the sleep / wake cycle but without evidence of awareness of self or environment

  • Coma -> vegetative state in 10-30 days
19
Q

_____ is a state of severely impaired consciousness with minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness

A

Minimally conscious state is a state of severely impaired consciousness with minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness

20
Q

_____ is an apathetic state with cognitive and behavioral slowing (psychomotor retardation) but with intact cognitive function caused by _____ injuries

A

Abulia is an apathetic state with cognitive and behavioral slowing (psychomotor retardation) but with intact cognitive function caused by medial frontal lobe injuries

21
Q

_____ is an extreme form of abulia, typically caused by _____ basal-medial frontal lobe injuries, also often involving the hypothalamus

A

Akinetic mutism is an extreme form of abulia, typically caused by bilateral basal-medial frontal lobe injuries, also often involving the hypothalamus

22
Q

_____ is a term usually applied to acute global brain dysfunction

A

Encephalopathy is a term usually applied to acute global brain dysfunction

23
Q

Altered mental status may result from ____, ____, ____, or ____

A

Altered mental status may result from bihemispheric brain dysfunction, bilateral thalamic dysfunction, midbrain injury, or mimics

24
Q

_____ is irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including all functions of the cerebrum, brainstem, and respiratory function

A

Brain death is irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including all functions of the cerebrum, brainstem, and respiratory function

25
Brain death is based on \_\_\_\_
Brain death is based on function
26
Basic brain death criteria include \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Basic brain death criteria include no purposeful responses to any stimuli including noxious stimuli, no brainstem reflexes, and no spontaneous respiratory movements
27
Determination of brain death requires ____ and ____ while ____ may occur
Determination of brain death requires identification of a clear etiology that can cause massive brain injury and confirmation that there are no factors confounding exam findings while movements generated by the spinal cord may occur
28
Ancillary tests to determine brain death are needed when * \_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_
Ancillary tests to determine brain death are needed when * Apnea test to confirm absence of spontaneous respiratory movements cannot be done safely * Certain factors impede a complete neurologic exam (e.g. traumatic facial injuries obscure brainstem reflex tests)