SM_94b: Learning and Memory

Question 1

Memory includes the steps of ____, ____, and ____

Answer 1

Memory includes the steps of encoding, retention, and retrieval

Question 2

Information loss is ____, while reviewing and sleep ____ loss

Answer 2

Information loss is time-dependent, while reviewing and sleep mitigate loss

Question 3

Describe the nomenclature of classical conditioning

Answer 3

Nomenclature of classical conditioning

• Unconditioned stimulus: unconditionally and naturally triggers a response
• Unconditioned response: unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to an unconditioned stimulus
• Neutral stimulus: produces no specific response
• Conditioned stimulus: previously neutral stimulus comes to trigger a learned response
• Conditioned response: learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Question 4

Stimulus extinction is when ____

Answer 4

Stimulus extinction is when the learned response occurs less often and eventually stops as the conditioned stimulus is applied repeatedly without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

(conditioned stimulus returns to neutral)

Question 5

____ results from a failure to extinguish a stimulus

Answer 5

PTSD results from a failure to extinguish a stimulus

Question 6

Positive reinforcement is ____

Answer 6

Positive reinforcement is a reward that increases behavior

Question 7

Negative reinforcement is ____

Answer 7

Negative reinforcement is escaping an aversive stimulus that increases behavior

Question 8

Positive punishment is when ____

Answer 8

Positive punishment is when the behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus to decrease the behavior

Question 9

Negative punishment is when ____

Answer 9

Negative punishment is when the behavior is followed by removal of a positive stimulus to decrease the behavior

Question 10

____ is reinforcement for every correct action and leads to fastest learning

Answer 10

Continuous reinforcement is reinforcement for every correct action and leads to fastest learning

Question 11

____ reinforcement schedules lead to faster response rate / conditioning

Answer 11

Fixed reinforcement schedules lead to faster response rate / conditioning

Question 12

____ reinforcement schedule is reinforcing after a set number of correct responses

Answer 12

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule is reinforcing after a set number of correct responses

Question 13

____ reinforcement schedule is reinforcing after a set time-period

Answer 13

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule is reinforcing after a set time-period

Question 14

____ reinforcement schedules lead to more reliable response rates and are resistant to extinction

Answer 14

Variable reinforcement schedules lead to more reliable response rates and are resistant to extinction

Question 15

____ is an unpredictable reinforcement schedule based on the average ratio of correct responses

Answer 15

Variable ratio is an unpredictable reinforcement schedule based on the average ratio of correct responses

(slot machine)

Question 16

____ is an unpredictable reinforcement schedule based on an average time-period

Answer 16

Variable interval is an unpredictable reinforcement schedule based on an average time-period

(same average reinforcement but unpredictable schedule)

Question 18

Describe components of the Papez circuit

Answer 18

Components of Papez circuit

• Subiculum: main hippocampal output, projects to medial mammillary nucleus / fornix / bidirectional to entorhinal cortex
• Fornix: fiber pathway connecting hippocampus with hypothalamus and mamillary body
• Medial mamillary nucleus: within mammillary bodies / posterior hypothalamic region, output via mammillothalamic tract
• Anterior thalamic nuclei: limbic function, projects via internal capsule to cingulate gyrus
• Cingulate gyrus: regulates emotion particularly autonomic response, receives input from association cortex, output to several deep structures
• Parahippocampal gyrus: includes severla cortical hippocampal inputs including entorhinal cortex, receives 2/3 of input from association cortex
• Entorhinal cortex: main input into hippocampus, bidirectional circuit also has afferents

Question 19

Explicit (declarative memory) consists of ____ and ____ memory and is ____

Answer 19

Explicit (declarative memory) consists of episodic and semantic memory and is limbic-dependent until consolidated but not afterward

Question 20

Implicit nondeclarative memory consists of ____, ____, and ____ and is ____

Answer 20

Implicit nondeclarative memory consists of priming, skills / habits, and conditioning and is limbic-independent

Question 21

____ is retention of information for brief periods of time and is limited in time and capacity

Answer 21

Working memory is retention of information for brief periods of time and is limited in time and capacity

Question 22

Working memory includes the ____ and ____

Answer 22

Working memory includes the phonological loop (digit span: 7 ± 2) and visuospatial sketchpad (corsi span: 7)

Question 23

Memory encoding occurs in the ____

Answer 23

Memory encoding occurs in the frontal networks

Question 24

Memory retention occurs in the ____

Answer 24

Memory retention occurs in the limbic memory network (Papez circuit)

Question 25

Memory retrieval occurs in the ____

Answer 25

Memory retrieval occurs in the frontal networks