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HSC1007 > Skin Week 6 > Flashcards

Skin Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the skin

A

Cutaneous membrane forming the external body surface

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2
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

The skin

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3
Q

What % of an adult body weight does the skin make up

A

15%

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4
Q

What are the 2 main layers that forms the skin

A

Epidermis & Dermis

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5
Q

What is the epidermis

A

ectodermally derived epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What is the dermis

A

mesodermally derived connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the basement membrane

A

Epidermo-dermal junction

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8
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer of fascia and fat

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9
Q

Where are the glands, nail and hair found

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

Where are blood vessels, smooth muscle, lymphatics and sensory organs found

A

dermis and hypodermis

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of skin

A

hairy (thin) skin and glabrous (thick) skin

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12
Q

What are the differences between hairy and glabrous skin

A

Hair and certain type of glands: hairy skin has but glabrous skin dont

Presence of encapsulated sense organs in dermis: hairy skin dont but glabrous skin has

thickness of epidermis: hairy skin is thinner but glabrous skin is thicker

location: hairy skin is most regions except palms and soles but glabrous skin is confined to palms and soles

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13
Q

What is a unique characteristic of glabrous skin

A

Furrows and ridges (dermatoglyphics)

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14
Q

What can be found at the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

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15
Q

what can be found at dermis

A

rete ridges, sebaceous glands, arrector pili

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16
Q

what can be found at subcutis

A

hair follicle, hair bulb, eccrine sweat gland

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17
Q

What is the epithelium like in epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What is the sequence of cells in epidermis

A

From bottom to top
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum

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19
Q

What type of cells in stratum granulosum

A

lamellar granules

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20
Q

what is stratum basale

A

single layer of cuboidal/columnar epithelium and attached to basement membrane

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21
Q

what cells can be found in stratum basale

A

keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, merkel cells

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22
Q

what cells can be found in stratum spinosum

A

several layers of spiny keratinocytes

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23
Q

what is each layer in stratum spinosum attached by

A

desmosomes

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24
Q

what is stratum granulosum

A

few layers of keratinocytes containing granulosomes

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25
Q

what cells can be found in stratum granulosum

A

keratins, keratohyalins, lamellar bodies

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26
Q

what unique thing could be seen in stratum granulosum

A

many dying pyknotic cells

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27
Q

what is stratum corneum

A

thick layer of dead keratinocytes and cross linked keratins dominate this layer

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28
Q

Where can stratum lucidum be found

A

between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

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29
Q

What protein gives the clear appearance in stratum lucidum

A

eleidin and allows few layers of keratinocytes to appear clear

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30
Q

What is hair

A

dead epidermal cells that have been converted to keratin

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31
Q

how does hair grow

A

hair growth occurs when cells in hair matrix at base of the bulk divide and push upwards. when it reaches skin surface, they have been converted completely to keratin

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32
Q

what is nails

A

nails are hard plates of dead epidermal cells that have been converted into keratin

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33
Q

how does the nail grow

A

beneath root is the nail matrix where epidermal cells divide to produce new nail cells and allow nail to grow

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34
Q

what is the function of sweat glands

A

thermoregulation, excretion of wastes and toxins

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35
Q

what does sweat consists of

A

water, salt, urea

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36
Q

where can eccrine sweat glands be found

A

throughout body in the dermis

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37
Q

what is eccrine sweat glands innervated by

A

cholinergic innervation

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38
Q

where can apocrine sweat glands be found

A

axilla, areola and genital areas

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39
Q

what innervates apocrine sweat glands

A

adrenergic innervation

40
Q

what is the difference between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

A

Innervation: (A) adrenergic, (E) cholinergic

Location: (A) axilla, areola & genitals, (E) throughout body in dermis

Duct openings: (A) into hair follicle, (E) into skin surface

41
Q

Sources of skin colour

A

Beta carotene, hemoglobin in capillaries of dermis, jaundice, melanin

42
Q

what is the function of melanocytes

A

produce melanin pigment

43
Q

what are the 3 types of melanin

A

pheomalenin, eumalenin, neuromalenin

44
Q

what form is melanin produced and donated to keratinocytes

A

melanosomes

45
Q

what is the function of melanin

A

UV radiation protection

46
Q

where can melanocytes be found

A

basal layer @ 1:4 - 1:15 vis-a-vis keratinocytes

47
Q

what is the function of langerhans cells

A

immunity and antigen presenation

48
Q

where can langerhans cells be found

A

epidermal layer

49
Q

when does langerhans cells migrate to lymph nodes

A

upon antigen stimulus

50
Q

when do langerhans cells number increase

A

upon skin inflammation

51
Q

where can merkel cells be found

A

basal layer and hair follicle

52
Q

what is the function of merkel cells

A

sensory to touch

53
Q

what is the function of merkel cells

A

neuroendocrine function

54
Q

How do merkel cells transmist signals and sensory nerves

A

basal surface contacts an axonal terminal

55
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular layers

56
Q

what is the difference in tissue between papillary and reticular layers

A

papillary - loose connective tissue (aerolar tissue)

reticular - dense connective tissue (collagen)

57
Q

Which layer forms peg like projections into epidermis

A

papillary layer

58
Q

what is the function of papillary layer

A

transfer nutrients to epidermis

59
Q

what are the differences in receptors for papillary and reticular layers

A

papillary - sensory receptors for fine touch

reticular - sensory receptors for deep pressure and vibration

60
Q

which layer in the dermis can sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and blood vessels be found

A

reticular layer

61
Q

where is the hypodermis located

A

under the dermis

62
Q

what is the function of hypodermis

A

act as padding to allow skin to slide on deeper structures

fat helps with thermal insulation

rich in blood vessels for absorptive function (drugs)

63
Q

what are the main components of hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue and fat

64
Q

what are the 2 main sensory structures in the skin

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

Pacinian Corpuscle

65
Q

What are the similarities between Meissner’s corpuscle and Pacinian Corpuscle

A

they have Fast adapting receptors

66
Q

Where is the Meissner’s Corpuscle found

A

Papillary dermis (finger tips)

67
Q

Where is the Pacinian corpuscle found

A

Recticular dermis

68
Q

What is the difference between Meissner’s Corpuscle and Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Meissner’s - sense fine discriminatory touch

Pacinian - sense deep transient pressure and vibration

69
Q

How does skin function as a thermosensor

A

When cold, blood circulation occurs further from the skin to keep heat

When hot, blood circulation is closer to skin surface to lose heat

70
Q

Why do people not feel anything after 3rd degree burns

A

Nerves have been damaged

71
Q

How is dermal papillae innervated

A

sympathetically innervated

72
Q

what causes goosebumps in the skin

A

arrector pili muscles

73
Q

What glands are not found in palms and soles

A

sebaceous glands

74
Q

What makes thick skin thick?

A

stratum lucidum

75
Q

What is the function of lamellar bodies in stratum granulosum

A

Prevent loss of water to skin

76
Q

What changes occurs in dying pyknotic cells

A

begins to lose its nucleus

77
Q

What stimulates sebaceous glands

A

androgens

78
Q

Does eccrine sweat gland create an odour

A

No

79
Q

What does sebaceous glands secrete

A

sebum

80
Q

Does the excretions from apocrine and sebaceous glands create an odour

A

Yes

81
Q

What causes the thick sweat and sebum to have an odour?

A

Contains lipids and proteins which bacteria metabolize, creating the odour

82
Q

What does UVB do to the skin

A

Increase melanin content of skin

83
Q

What are the effects of UVA and UVB

A

UVA reaches the dermis and UVB reaches epidermis

84
Q

what do 1st degree burns injure

A

epidermis

85
Q

what do 2nd degree burns injure

A

dermis

86
Q

what do 3rd degree burns injure

A

hypodermis

87
Q

The distribution of burns is known as

A

Wallace Rule

88
Q

What is the risk of having 3rd degree burns

A

More prone to water loss and have little ROM and function

89
Q

What are the effects of aging on skin

A

Loss of collagen and elastin

Loss of fat in hypodermis which makes elderly more prone to cold temperatures

90
Q

What is the clinical significance of Borge’s relaxed skin tension lines

A

Used to decide direction of cut to minimize scarring

91
Q

What is the process of wound healing

A

Bleeding > inflammatory > proliferative > remodeling

92
Q

What is the distribution of burns according to Wallace Rule

A

Head and neck - 9%

upper limbs - 9% each

trunk - 36%

genitalia - 1%

lower limbs - 18% each

93
Q

What is the clinical significance of dermatones

A

Allows one to identify possible spinal problems as each part of skin is innervated by certain spinal region (Ex: C4, T6)

94
Q

What are some examples of dermatomes

A

shingles, cutaneous hemangiomas, angina pectoris

95
Q

How are dermatomes applied in angina pectoris

A

Pain due to lack of blood supply to myocardium is felt at
- anterior chest
- neck and jaw
- left upper limb all the way to little finger

Spinal segments conveying visceral pain from injured myocardium also receive sensations from skin of left upper limb, anterior chest wall, neck & jaw

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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