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HSC1007 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of

A

Larynx, Nasal Passages, Pharynx

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2
Q

What does the Nasal passages consist of

A

Nasal vestibule, Nasal cavities

Nasal mucosa
- nasal vestibule (skin/hair) (vibrissae)
- Respiratory epithelium (lateral walls)
- olfactory epithelium (roof)

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3
Q

What does the pharynx consist of

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Subglottis, glottis, epiglottis

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4
Q

What does the respiratory epithelium have

A

Respiratory epithelium has Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar with Goblet cells

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5
Q

What is the purpose of turbinates/conchae

A

Reduces airflow to enable air conditioning and filtering

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6
Q

What part helps to warm the air

A

Sub-mucous vessels

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7
Q

What are the cells in the mucous membrane

A

Goblet cells - secrete mucus

Ciliated cells - move mucus

Sensory cells - sneeze, cough

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8
Q

What is the main function of the larynx

A

Prevent asphyxiation (choking)

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9
Q

Which part separates airflow and food channels

A

Epiglottis

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10
Q

What does the larynx consist of

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages bound the cavity

Cartilaginous assembly by ligament and membranes

Muscles to abduct and adduct for voice production

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11
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of

A

Cricoid cartilage (C6) to Sternal angle (T4)

Smooth muscle (trachealis), tracheal cartilage, respiratory epithelium, mucous glands, lamina propria

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12
Q

Key landmarks of lower respiratory tract

A

Esophagus

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Left vagus nerve

Arch of aorta

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13
Q

What is the carina

A

Tracheal bifurcation between separating right and left bronchi

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14
Q

What is the difference between right and left lung

A

Right lung compared to left lung is
- more vertical
- wider in diameter
- shorter in length

Foreign bodies more likely to be aspirated into right side

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15
Q

What innervates the bronchial tree

A

Mainly autonomous nerves
- sympathetic involved in increasing airway diameter (bronchodilation)
- parasympathetic involved in decreasing airway diameter (bronchoconstriction)

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16
Q

What supplies blood to the bronchial tree

A

Bronchial arteries branching from thoracic aorta

Bronchial veins draining from azygos system of veins

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17
Q

What are the 2 zones in the functional division

A

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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18
Q

Where does the respiratory zone begin

A

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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19
Q

Where does the conducting zone begin

A

Nose to terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

What happens in the conducting zone

A

No gas exchange occurs = anatomical dead zone (150mL)

Primary source of airway resistance which is greater for people with asthma

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21
Q

What is the respiratory zone known as

A

Acinus

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22
Q

What happens at the respiratory zone

A

Gas exchange

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23
Q

Where is the pulmonary arteries in the lungs

A

RALS: Right anterior, Left Superior with reference to bronchus

24
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lung have

A

3 lobes in the right lung

2 lobes in the left lung

25
Q

How many fissures are in the right and left lung

A

Horizontal and oblique fissure - right lung

oblique fissure - left lung

26
Q

Where is the cardiac notch and lingula

A

Anterior of Left lung

27
Q

What innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerves

Origin: Cervical spinal segment (C3, 4, 5)

28
Q

What are the muscles involved in forced expiration

A

Internal intercostal

Innermost intercostal

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

29
Q

What are the accessory inspiratory muscles

A

Levator costanum

Erector spinae

Scalene muscles

Sternocleidomastoid

Serratus anterior

Pectoralis major

30
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal

31
Q

What are the 2 movements of the chest wall for respiration

A

Pump handle and bucket handle motion

32
Q

What happens during the ‘pump handle’ motion of the chest wall

A

increase in anterior to posterior diameter

forward movement of sternal body at manubriosternal joint

involves 2nd - 5th ribs mainly; 1st rib is fixed

increased anteroposterior diameter of thoracic cavity

33
Q

what happens at the bucket handle motion of the chest wall

A

increase in transverse diameter of cavity

elevates 6 - 10 ribs at costovertebral and sternocostal joints

34
Q

What are the 2 intercostal muscles

A

External and internal intercostal

35
Q

what is the function of internal intercostal

A

stiffen chest wall

depress ribs in forced expiration

36
Q

what is the function of external intercoastal

A

elevates ribs during inspiration

stiffen chest wall

37
Q

Why is the diaphragm the principal muscle of inspiration

A

Causes descent of domes sufficient for quiet inspiration

38
Q

What are the key relations of the right lung

A

Superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

heart

subclavian vein

subclavian artery

esophagus

azygos vein

39
Q

what are the key relations of the left lung

A

thoracic aorta

left subclavian artery

left brachiocephalic vein

aortic arch

heart

40
Q

How many brachopulmonary segments are there in each lung

A

10

41
Q

What makes the bronchopulmonary segment an independent structural and functional unit

A

Has its own bronchus (air supply) and artery (blood supply)

42
Q

What are the 5 types of cells in the alveoli

A

Type I pneumocyte (40%)

Type II pneumocyte (60%)

Interstitial cells - fibroblast and mast cells

Capillary endothelial cells

Alveolar macrophages

43
Q

What is the difference between Type I and II pneumocytes

A

Type I
- 40% of cells in alveolus
- simple squamous epithelium
- involved in gas exchange

Type II
- 60% of cells in alveolus
- produces surfactant which helps lower surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse

44
Q

What does a lack of surfactant cause

A

Respiratory distress syndrome which is seen in premature babies

45
Q

What is the downstream flow of each BP segment

A

Segmental bronchus > bronchioles > several generations > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveoli ducts, sacs and alveoli

Size decreases whereas Surface area increases as we go downstream

46
Q

Changes along wall of trachobranchial tree

A

Pseudostratification disappears

Decrease in cell height

Disappearance of goblet cells

47
Q

What is pleura effusion

A

Excess of pleural fluid > 15mL

Causes positive intrapleural pressure which decreases lung expansion and thus blunted costophrenic angle

48
Q

What is pleura cavity

A

In between visceral and parietal pleura which contains thin film of pleural fluid of 5 - 15mL

Plasma filtered from capillaries

49
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure

A

756 mmHg

50
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

760mmHg

51
Q

How does breathing occur with reference to pressure present

A

Diaphragm contracts and chest wall expands which results in negative intrapleural pressure which results in intra-alveolar pressure and thus inspiration occurs

52
Q

Pneumothorax and chest wall injury

A

Causes present of air in pleural cavity and hence positive intrapleural pressure

Shifts trachea and mediastinal structures to opposite sides. Along with collapsed lung, it causes decreased alveolar ventilation

53
Q

Thoracic wall skeletal parts

A

Associated ligaments

Costal cartilages

Sternum

Vertebrae

Ribs

54
Q

Thoracic wall musculoaponeurotic parts

A

Diaphragm, Fasciae, Suprapleural membrane, intercostal muscles

55
Q

Key landmark lines of thoracic wall

A

Midclavicular line

Axillary lines (anterior, middle, posterior)

Scapular lines

56
Q

What are the 3 main holes in the diaphragm

A

Aortic hiatus

Esophageal hiatus

Caval opening (vein opening)

57
Q

What are the atypical ribs

A

1, 11, 12

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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