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HSC1007 > Heart Part 3 > Flashcards

Heart Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow rate definition

A

Volume of blood passing through per unit of time

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2
Q

Blood pressure definition

A

Force exerted by blood against vessel

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3
Q

Pressure gradient definition

A

Difference in pressure between beginning and end of vessel

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4
Q

Resistance definition

A

Friction between blood and vascular wall

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5
Q

Flow rate factors

A

Proportional to pressure gradient

Inversely proportional to resistance

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6
Q

Factors of blood pressure

A

Dependent on
(1) distensibility of vessel walls
(2) volume of blood within vessel

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7
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Max pressure when blood ejected into arteries

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8
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Minimum pressure when blood draining into rest of vessel during diastole

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9
Q

What is Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Main driving force of blood flow

Average pressure driving blood forward

Pressure that is monitored and regulated by body’s blood pressure reflexes (homeostasis)

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10
Q

How is Mean Arterial Pressure calculated

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

OR

2/3 Diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

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11
Q

How is blood reconditioned

A

Reconditioned organs receive more blood than necessary to perform homeostatic adjustments to blood
- digestive tract: collect nutrient
- kidneys: remove waste and adjust water and electrolytes

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12
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

Pressure reservoir and rapid transit passageways to organs

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13
Q

How is pulse pressure calculated

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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14
Q

Where can pulse waves be felt

A

Over major arteries

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15
Q

How is pulse wave generated

A

Differences in systolic and diastolic pressure

Stronger difference = stronger pulse wave

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16
Q

What properties of arteries create Pulse Pressure

A

Elastic properties of arteries help convert pulsatile flow of heart into more continuous flow in capillaries

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17
Q

Why are capillaries designed as site of exchange

A

Thin walled

Extensive branching

Close proximity to cells for exchange

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18
Q

How are RBCs positioned in capillaries

A

RBCs in single file

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19
Q

Is the blood flow in capillaries faster than arteries?

A

No. Blood velocity is slower in capillaries than in arteries

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20
Q

How are exchangeable proteins move across capillaries

A

Via vesicular transport

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21
Q

How are small water soluble substances pass through capillaries

A

Via water-filled pores

22
Q

How are lipid substances pass through capillaries

A

Passes through endothelial cells

23
Q

Can plasma proteins pass through capillary walls

A

No

24
Q

What is the flow rate like in capillaries

A

Same throughout capillary tree due to increased surface area (5L/min)

25
Q

If muscle are more metabolic active, does that mean more capillaries are present?

A

Yes

26
Q

What is the purpose of pre-capillary sphincters

A

Control blood flow in capillaries since most are not open under resting conditions and lacks smooth muscle

27
Q

What happens when there is an increase in metabolic activity for capillaries

A

Increased metabolic activity = sphincters relax = more open capillaries = increased blood flow to active tissues

28
Q

Factors that induce vasoconstriction

A

increased O2, endothelin, sympathetic stimulus (cold, vasopressin, angiotensin II)

decreased CO2

29
Q

Factors that induce vasodilation

A

Increased nitric oxide, co2

decreased o2, sympathetic stimulus (heat, histamine release)

30
Q

What are local vasoregulators of arterioles

A

Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular tone

31
Q

What is Vascular tone

A

State of partial constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle

Establishes baseline of arteriolar resistance

32
Q

What are the factors that causes difference in flow to organs

A

Difference in vascularization

Difference in resistance by arterioles supplying organs

33
Q

Effects of exercise

A

Increase in HR, Venous return, Stroke volume, Cardiac output, blood flow to active skeletal and heart muscles, MAP, Blood flow to skin

Decrease in TPR, Bloodflow to digestive tract, kidneys and other organs

No effect on bloodflow to brain

34
Q

What are vasopressin and angiotensin II

A

Potent vasoconstrictors

35
Q

What is the effect of vasopressin

A

maintains water balance

36
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II

A

Regulates salt balance

37
Q

What hormones are adrenal hormones

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

38
Q

Effect of epinephrine

A

Reinforce vasodilatory mechanisms of skeletal and heart muscles

39
Q

Effect of norepinephrine

A

Induces generalised vasoconstriction

40
Q

Factors of BP

A

CO and TPR

41
Q

What drains blood into right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

42
Q

What is the appendage of atrium

A

Auricle

43
Q

What part of the heart is found at the 4th/5th intercostal space along the midclavicular line

A

Apex of the heart

44
Q

What is the branch that delivers blood from arch of aorta to right side of the body

A

Brachiocephalic artery

45
Q

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery is also known as?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

46
Q

What is the posterolateral recess of the pleural cavity where fluid accumulation could occur

A

Costophrenic/Costodiaphragmatic recess

47
Q

Untreated blockage of coronary arteries lead to?

A

Ischemia of the cardiac tissue

48
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

49
Q

How to differentiate middle mediastinum from the anterior and posterior

A

If it is inside the fibrous pericardium, it is middle mediastinum.

50
Q

What is the things associated with anterior and posterior mediastinum

A

Anterior mediastinum
- phrenic nerves
- thymus

Posterior mediastinum
- Descending aorta
- Esophagus

51
Q

What is the muscle unique to right atrium

A

Pectinati muscles (Musculi pectinati)

52
Q

what do veins function as

A

Blood reservoir

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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