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HSC1007 > OSPE Sims > Flashcards

OSPE Sims Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate between left and right atrium

A

Unique features of right atrium
- pectinate muscles
- crista terminalis
- fossa ovalis

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2
Q

What are the vasculature leading into right atrium

A

Superior & Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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3
Q

what innervates deltoid and what other muscles does this nerve supply

A

axillary nerve; teres minor

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4
Q

what are the joints around the elbow

A

humeroradial joint
humeroulnar joint
proximal radial ulnar joint

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5
Q

What is the fossa at the elbow called

A

cubital fossa

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6
Q

what can be found at the cubital fossa

A

tendon of biceps brachii
brachial artery
median nerve

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7
Q

what attaches onto medial & lateral epicondyles

A

medial - flexor muscles
lateral - extensor muscles

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8
Q

What happens when scaphoid is fractured

A

blood vessels are damaged, potentially leading to avascular necrosis

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9
Q

what are the bones that flexor retinaculum sit on

A

scaphoid, pisiform, hamate, trapezium

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10
Q

what nerve is related to carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve

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11
Q

what predominantly supplies superficial palmar arch

A

radial & ulnar artery

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12
Q

what unlocks the knee after fully flexing it

A

popliteus

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13
Q

what is psoas major made of

A

iliacus & iliopsoas muscle

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14
Q

what is the landmark muscle for sciatic nerve

A

piriformis

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15
Q

what is the sternomanubrium joint also called

A

sternal angle; angle of louis

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16
Q

which ribs are true ribs, false ribs & floating ribs

A

true ribs = 1 - 7
false ribs = 8 - 10
floating ribs = 11 - 12

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17
Q

what is the apex of the heart associated with

A

left ventricle

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18
Q

what muscles help to prevent prolapsing of the atrioventricular valves

A

papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

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19
Q

what is the main vein of the heart

A

coronary sinus

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20
Q

what innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

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21
Q

what is the bifurcation of trachea known as

A

carina

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22
Q

what are the 3 main openings of the diaphragm

A

aortic hiatus
caval opening
esophageal opening

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23
Q

what is the part holding ribs 8 to 10

A

costal margin

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24
Q

what branch of vagus nerve wraps around aorta to ascend upwards

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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25
Q

what is the tip of the sternum called

A

xiphoid process

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26
Q

how to differentiate between external & internal intercostal muscles

A

if moving downwards & medially = external intercostal muscle (V shape)

if moving upwards & medially = internal intercostal muscle (reverse V shape)

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27
Q

which rib articulates with sternal angle

A

rib 2

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28
Q

where does the intercostal veins, arteries & nerves run along

A

costal groove of a typical ribs

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29
Q

is the 1st rib a typical or atypical rib

A

atypical rib

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30
Q

what are the telltale signs of a rib being the 1st rib

A

shortest rib
most curved rib
flattest rib

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31
Q

what are atypical ribs

A

ribs 1, 11, 12

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32
Q

what differentiates ribs 11 & 12 from the rest except rib 1

A

no angle, tubercle or costal groove

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33
Q

what are the 2 joints between ribs and vertebrae

A

costovertebral joint
costotransverse joint

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34
Q

what kind of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints

A

synovial joint

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35
Q

what can be found superior to sternum

A

suprasternal notch

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36
Q

what is the joint between xiphoid process and sternum called

A

xiphisternal joint

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37
Q

what helps to separate nasopharynx and oropharynx

A

soft palate

38
Q

what are the key relations of the trachea

A

esophagus
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
left vagus nerve
arch of aorta

39
Q

how to differentiate between left and right lung

A

right lung compared to left lung is
- wider
- shorter
- more vertical

40
Q

which vertebral level does the bifurcation occur at

A

T IV/V level

41
Q

what are the fissures of the right and left lung

A

right = oblique & horizontal fissure
left = oblique fissure

42
Q

what are the lobes of the lungs

A

right = superior, middle, inferior
left = superior, inferior

43
Q

How to identify pulmonary arteries of the lungs

A

RALS relative to bronchus position
- right anterior
- left superior

44
Q

what are the impressions formed on the right lung

A

“SAC”
superior vena cava
azygos vein
cardiac impression

45
Q

what are the impressions formed on the left lung

A

“LAC”
Aortic impression
Left subclavian artery
Cardiac impression

46
Q

what is unique to left lung

A

lingula

47
Q

what separates superior and inferior mediastinum

A

sternal angle

48
Q

what are the 5 cell types found in respiratory epithelium

A

“MBS Student Chapter”

ciliated columnar cells
mucous goblet cells
brush cells
basal cells
small granule cells

49
Q

how to differentiate between bronchus & bronchioles

A

bronchioles have no cartlage and mucus glands but have presence of smooth muscle & club cells

50
Q

what do clara (club) cells do

A

produce glycosaminoglycans & surfactant like substances

51
Q

where can the heart be found

A

3rd - 6th costal cartilage
6th costal cartilage to 5th intercostal space
2nd to 5th intercostal space @ mid-clavicular line

52
Q

how much fluid is in the pericardial cavity

A

15 - 50 mL

53
Q

which areas of the pericardium are pain sensitive

A

fibrous pericardium & parietal serous pericardium

54
Q

what innervates the pain sensitive areas of the pericardium

A

phrenic nerve

55
Q

what is the purpose of the pericardial cavity

A

shock absorber

56
Q

what forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart

A

right and left ventricles

57
Q

what forms the posterior surface of the heart

A

right & left atriums

58
Q

what forms the sternocostal surface of the heart

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

59
Q

what are the AV valves of the right and left atrium

A

right = tricuspid
left = bicuspid / mitral valve

60
Q

what happens when valve incompetency occurs

A

backflow of heart and heart failure over time

61
Q

what generates the first heart sound

A

AV valve closure and turbulence of blood flow generates the sound

62
Q

What is the nature of the AV valve closure

A

Active and done by pull of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

63
Q

what is the nature of semilunar cardiac valves

A

passive and done by pressure of column of blood in aortic & pulmonary sinuses

64
Q

what generates the second heart sound

A

semilunar valve closure and turbulence of blood flow

65
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

anchors the valves of the heart and gives attachment sites to cardiac musculature

66
Q

how to differentiate between artery and vein

A

artery has a solid circular shape compared to vein

67
Q

what separates the esophagus from trachea

A

epiglottis

68
Q

how long is the trachea in relation to the vertebral levels

A

C6 (cricoid cartilage) to T4 (sternal angle)

69
Q

what does not cast any impression on mediastinal surface of lungs

A

pulmonary trunk

70
Q

what is a telltale sign of pleural effusion in an x-ray

A

blunted costophrenic angle

71
Q

what ribs are involved in the pump handle motion

A

ribs 2 - 5
rib 1 does not move at all

72
Q

what ribs are involved in bucket handle motion

A

ribs 6 - 10

73
Q

what does the pump handle motion increase

A

increases anteroposterior diameter of thoracic cavity
forward movement of sternal body at manubriosternal joint

74
Q

what does the bucket handle motion increase

A

elevates ribs at costovertebral and sternocostal joints
increases transverse diameter of cavity

75
Q

where does the phrenic nerves originate from

A

cervical spinal segments C3, 4, 5

76
Q

how to differentiate between acromial and sternal end of the bone

A

acromial end = flattened
sternal end = enlarged

77
Q

what branch is the axillary nerve from

A

posterior cord

78
Q

what branch is musculocutaneous nerve from

A

lateral cord of brachial plexus

79
Q

which muscle does musculocutaneous nerve pierce through

A

coracobrachialis

80
Q

what branch is radial nerve from

A

posterior cord of brachial plexus

81
Q

What causes frozen shoulder

A

Adhesive fibrosis and scarring between the inflamed joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff, subacromial bursa, and deltoid

82
Q

what happens during rotator cuff injuries

A

repeated inflammation of rotator cuff esp avascular area of supraspinatus muscle & tears of musculotendinous rotator cuff

83
Q

which nerve is affected when shoulder is dislocated

A

axillary nerve

84
Q

what are the ligaments of the shoulder

A

Fibrous capsule
Glenohumeral ligaments
Glenoidal labrum
Coracohumeral
ligament
Transverse humeral
ligament

85
Q

when does subclavian artery become axillary

A

outer border of 1st rib

86
Q

when does axillary artery become brachial

A

outer border of teres major

87
Q

what do palmar & dorsal interossei do

A

palmar = adduction
dorsal = abduction

88
Q

what do interossei do

A

extend IP joints & flex MCP joints

89
Q

what are the articular surfaces of wrist joint

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, distal end of radius

90
Q

what type of joint is wrist joint

A

synovial joint

91
Q

what are the ligaments of wrist joint

A

Fibrous capsule with synovial membrane
Dorsal & palmar radio-carpal ligaments
Radial & ulnar collateral ligaments

92
Q

what is subluxation

A

when radius moves out of socket

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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