OSPE Sims Flashcards
How to differentiate between left and right atrium
Unique features of right atrium
- pectinate muscles
- crista terminalis
- fossa ovalis
What are the vasculature leading into right atrium
Superior & Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
what innervates deltoid and what other muscles does this nerve supply
axillary nerve; teres minor
what are the joints around the elbow
humeroradial joint
humeroulnar joint
proximal radial ulnar joint
What is the fossa at the elbow called
cubital fossa
what can be found at the cubital fossa
tendon of biceps brachii
brachial artery
median nerve
what attaches onto medial & lateral epicondyles
medial - flexor muscles
lateral - extensor muscles
What happens when scaphoid is fractured
blood vessels are damaged, potentially leading to avascular necrosis
what are the bones that flexor retinaculum sit on
scaphoid, pisiform, hamate, trapezium
what nerve is related to carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve
what predominantly supplies superficial palmar arch
radial & ulnar artery
what unlocks the knee after fully flexing it
popliteus
what is psoas major made of
iliacus & iliopsoas muscle
what is the landmark muscle for sciatic nerve
piriformis
what is the sternomanubrium joint also called
sternal angle; angle of louis
which ribs are true ribs, false ribs & floating ribs
true ribs = 1 - 7
false ribs = 8 - 10
floating ribs = 11 - 12
what is the apex of the heart associated with
left ventricle
what muscles help to prevent prolapsing of the atrioventricular valves
papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
what is the main vein of the heart
coronary sinus
what innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerves
what is the bifurcation of trachea known as
carina
what are the 3 main openings of the diaphragm
aortic hiatus
caval opening
esophageal opening
what is the part holding ribs 8 to 10
costal margin
what branch of vagus nerve wraps around aorta to ascend upwards
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is the tip of the sternum called
xiphoid process
how to differentiate between external & internal intercostal muscles
if moving downwards & medially = external intercostal muscle (V shape)
if moving upwards & medially = internal intercostal muscle (reverse V shape)
which rib articulates with sternal angle
rib 2
where does the intercostal veins, arteries & nerves run along
costal groove of a typical ribs
is the 1st rib a typical or atypical rib
atypical rib
what are the telltale signs of a rib being the 1st rib
shortest rib
most curved rib
flattest rib
what are atypical ribs
ribs 1, 11, 12
what differentiates ribs 11 & 12 from the rest except rib 1
no angle, tubercle or costal groove
what are the 2 joints between ribs and vertebrae
costovertebral joint
costotransverse joint
what kind of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints
synovial joint
what can be found superior to sternum
suprasternal notch
what is the joint between xiphoid process and sternum called
xiphisternal joint
what helps to separate nasopharynx and oropharynx
soft palate
what are the key relations of the trachea
esophagus
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
left vagus nerve
arch of aorta
how to differentiate between left and right lung
right lung compared to left lung is
- wider
- shorter
- more vertical
which vertebral level does the bifurcation occur at
T IV/V level
what are the fissures of the right and left lung
right = oblique & horizontal fissure
left = oblique fissure
what are the lobes of the lungs
right = superior, middle, inferior
left = superior, inferior
How to identify pulmonary arteries of the lungs
RALS relative to bronchus position
- right anterior
- left superior
what are the impressions formed on the right lung
“SAC”
superior vena cava
azygos vein
cardiac impression
what are the impressions formed on the left lung
“LAC”
Aortic impression
Left subclavian artery
Cardiac impression
what is unique to left lung
lingula
what separates superior and inferior mediastinum
sternal angle
what are the 5 cell types found in respiratory epithelium
“MBS Student Chapter”
ciliated columnar cells
mucous goblet cells
brush cells
basal cells
small granule cells
how to differentiate between bronchus & bronchioles
bronchioles have no cartlage and mucus glands but have presence of smooth muscle & club cells
what do clara (club) cells do
produce glycosaminoglycans & surfactant like substances
where can the heart be found
3rd - 6th costal cartilage
6th costal cartilage to 5th intercostal space
2nd to 5th intercostal space @ mid-clavicular line
how much fluid is in the pericardial cavity
15 - 50 mL
which areas of the pericardium are pain sensitive
fibrous pericardium & parietal serous pericardium
what innervates the pain sensitive areas of the pericardium
phrenic nerve
what is the purpose of the pericardial cavity
shock absorber
what forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart
right and left ventricles
what forms the posterior surface of the heart
right & left atriums
what forms the sternocostal surface of the heart
right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
what are the AV valves of the right and left atrium
right = tricuspid
left = bicuspid / mitral valve
what happens when valve incompetency occurs
backflow of heart and heart failure over time
what generates the first heart sound
AV valve closure and turbulence of blood flow generates the sound
What is the nature of the AV valve closure
Active and done by pull of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
what is the nature of semilunar cardiac valves
passive and done by pressure of column of blood in aortic & pulmonary sinuses
what generates the second heart sound
semilunar valve closure and turbulence of blood flow
what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton of the heart
anchors the valves of the heart and gives attachment sites to cardiac musculature
how to differentiate between artery and vein
artery has a solid circular shape compared to vein
what separates the esophagus from trachea
epiglottis
how long is the trachea in relation to the vertebral levels
C6 (cricoid cartilage) to T4 (sternal angle)
what does not cast any impression on mediastinal surface of lungs
pulmonary trunk
what is a telltale sign of pleural effusion in an x-ray
blunted costophrenic angle
what ribs are involved in the pump handle motion
ribs 2 - 5
rib 1 does not move at all
what ribs are involved in bucket handle motion
ribs 6 - 10
what does the pump handle motion increase
increases anteroposterior diameter of thoracic cavity
forward movement of sternal body at manubriosternal joint
what does the bucket handle motion increase
elevates ribs at costovertebral and sternocostal joints
increases transverse diameter of cavity
where does the phrenic nerves originate from
cervical spinal segments C3, 4, 5
how to differentiate between acromial and sternal end of the bone
acromial end = flattened
sternal end = enlarged
what branch is the axillary nerve from
posterior cord
what branch is musculocutaneous nerve from
lateral cord of brachial plexus
which muscle does musculocutaneous nerve pierce through
coracobrachialis
what branch is radial nerve from
posterior cord of brachial plexus
What causes frozen shoulder
Adhesive fibrosis and scarring between the inflamed joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff, subacromial bursa, and deltoid
what happens during rotator cuff injuries
repeated inflammation of rotator cuff esp avascular area of supraspinatus muscle & tears of musculotendinous rotator cuff
which nerve is affected when shoulder is dislocated
axillary nerve
what are the ligaments of the shoulder
Fibrous capsule
Glenohumeral ligaments
Glenoidal labrum
Coracohumeral
ligament
Transverse humeral
ligament
when does subclavian artery become axillary
outer border of 1st rib
when does axillary artery become brachial
outer border of teres major
what do palmar & dorsal interossei do
palmar = adduction
dorsal = abduction
what do interossei do
extend IP joints & flex MCP joints
what are the articular surfaces of wrist joint
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, distal end of radius
what type of joint is wrist joint
synovial joint
what are the ligaments of wrist joint
Fibrous capsule with synovial membrane
Dorsal & palmar radio-carpal ligaments
Radial & ulnar collateral ligaments
what is subluxation
when radius moves out of socket
