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HSC1007 > Respiratory Week 4 > Flashcards

Respiratory Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Intracellular metabolic reaction that uses O2 and produce CO2 during ATP production

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between external environment and tissue cells

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3
Q

Which 2 systems work together to accomplish external respiration

A

Respiratory and circulatory systems

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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Metabolism

Acid-Base regulation

Endocrine function

Immunological function

Voice production by larynx

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5
Q

How does respiratory system regulate the acid-base

A

Removes CO2 and regulate pH (H+ ions) which are by products of metabolism

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6
Q

What is the clinical significance of respiratory system

A

Treatment of respiratory diseases (asthma, pneumonia, COVID)

Ventilation in anaesthesized and ICU patients

Smoker lungs

Emphysema

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7
Q

What is the issue associated with emphysema

A

Shortness of breath as a result of alveolar surface destruction which leads to lower surface area of O2 and CO2 exchange

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8
Q

How does respiratory system activate its endocrine function

A

It activates angiotensin II which causes greater fluid retention, greater fluid intake and increased BP and blood volume

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9
Q

How does respiratory accomplish its immunological function

A

It clears irritants and potential pathogens

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10
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between heart and major arteries

A

Aorta is involved in systemic circulation

Pulmonary trunk w/ L&R arteries is involved in pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

What are the components of respiratory airways

A

Upper RS
- larynx
- pharynx
- nasal passages

Lower RS
- trachea
- R&L Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli

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12
Q

Functional relationship between respiratory system and circulatory system

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation enters heart
  2. Deoxygenated blood leaves heart through pulmonary arteries to lungs
  3. Blood is oxygenated and CO2 released in lungs
  4. Oxygenated blood re-enters heart via pulmonary veins
  5. Distributed to rest of body via aorta and branches
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13
Q

What are alveoli known as

A

Sites of gas exchange

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14
Q

Where does the conducting zone begin and end

A

Trachea to terminal bronchioles (0-16 division)

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15
Q

Where does transitional and respiratory zone begin and end

A

From respiratory to alveolar sacs (17 - 23 divisions)

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16
Q

Why should we not assume the conducting and respiratory zones are as such

A

Varies with population, age and many other factors as respiratory zone could start from 15 division onwards

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17
Q

How many alveolar sacs are there

A

300 - 500 million alveoli

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18
Q

What does the visceral pleura line

A

Lungs

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19
Q

What does the parietal pleura line

A

Chest wall and diaphragm (inner thoracic wall)

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20
Q

What is the function of diaphragm besides inspiration and expiration

A

Separates thorax from abdomen

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21
Q

What is pleural space known as

A

Potential space

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22
Q

What is the issue if pleural cavity filled with excess fluid

A

Pleural effusion
- due to fluid leaking from capillaries
- increased hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

What is the issue if the pleural cavity is filled with excess air

A

Pneumothorax
- Due to lung puncture/collapse

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24
Q

What is the issue faced if excess fluid and air enter pleural cavity

A

Disrupts air movement in/out of lungs

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25
Q

What are the 3 important pressure considerations in lungs

A
  1. Atmospheric pressure
  2. Intra-alveolar pressure
  3. Intrapleural pressure
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26
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg at sea level

27
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

Varies with ventilation

28
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure

A

Normally 756mmHg

29
Q

What is the difference between trachea-bronchi and bronchi-terminal bronchioles

A

Trachea-Bronchi = mainly cartilage, little smooth muscle

Bronchi-Bronchioles = mainly smooth muscle

30
Q

What are bronchi - bronchioles innervated by

A

autonomous nervous system
- sympathetic = bronchodilation
- parasympathetic = bronchoconstriction

31
Q

What happens for people with asthma

A

Excessive bronchoconstriction

32
Q

How is asthma treated

A

Beta2 - adrenergic receptor agonist bronchodilator

33
Q

How does the treatment for asthma work

A

Relaxes smooth muscle in airways which allows air to flow in/out of lungs easier

34
Q

What allows bronchi-bronchioles to constrict and dilate

A

Smooth muscle

35
Q

What is ventilation

A

Movement of air in/out of respiratory tract

36
Q

What property allows chest wall and lungs to expand and recoil

A

Elastic structures

37
Q

What law do the lungs and air obey

A

Boyle’s Law

38
Q

Does all the inspired air undergo gas exchange within blood

A

No

39
Q

What is the difference between physiological and anatomical dead space

A

Physiological - Volume of air that doesn’t exchange with blood

Anatomical - Air filled conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange

40
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

Volume of air that reaches alveoli per min

41
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated

A

(Tidal vol - Anatomical dead space) x breaths per minute

42
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of airways

A

Protecting respiratory epithelium mucosa

Protecting lungs

43
Q

How is respiratory epithelium protected

A

Mucous secretion and humidification of air in upper passages

44
Q

How are lungs protected

A

Alveolar macrophages ingest particles/pathogens when reaching lung

Airway reflexes - Sneeze, cough, epiglottis closes glottis when swallowing

Ciliary elevator
- Moves particles trapped by mucus away from lungs

Mucociliary trapping

45
Q

What does defective ciliary movement result in

A

Lung infections

46
Q

What does the epithelium of upper airways to trachea, bronchi, bronchioles have

A

Cilia and mucous

47
Q

What do the respiratory skeletal muscles do during inspiration and expiration

A

Increase side to side dimension of thoracic cavity

Increased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

Increased anterior-posterior dimension of thoracic cavity

48
Q

Which direction does sternum move upon rib elevation

A

upwards and outwards

49
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and quiet expiration

A

Inspiration is active whereas quiet expiration is passive

50
Q

How far is the barrier separating air and blood

A

0.5 micro meters

51
Q

What is the contact travel time between blood in capillaries and alveolus

A

0.75s

52
Q

At rest, how long does it take for blood to be fully oxygenated

A

0.25s

53
Q

How does gas exchange occur across the barrier between air and blood

A

Diffusion; From high to low concentration

54
Q

What is constant regardless of inspiration and expiration

A

Transmural pressure gradient and lung is always stretched to some degree

55
Q

When ventilation is stimulated, what changes occur

A

Increased inspiratory effect
- increased lung vol
- increased air drawn into lungs per unit time

Increased expiratory effect
- increased air expelled from lungs per unit time
- decreased lung vol

56
Q

Is transmural pressure gradient always present

A

Yes

57
Q

Is lung always stretched regardless of inspiration and expiration

A

Yes

58
Q

At the end of inspiration and expiration, is intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

A

Yes, airflows continues until both pressure equilibrate

59
Q

During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure?

A

False. Intra-alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

60
Q

During expiration, intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

A

True

61
Q

What is transmural pressure gradient

A

Difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure

62
Q

What is the process of airflow during inspiration

A

Inspiratory muscles contract > thoracic cavity expands > intrapleural pressure becomes negative > transmural pressure becomes negative > lung inflates > intra-alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric > airflow until alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

63
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and quiet expiration

A

Airflow in inspiration is active whereas airflow in quiet expiration is passive

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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