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HSC1007 > Mistakes made during mock quizzes > Flashcards

Mistakes made during mock quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

The pathway of O2 from alveoli across the respiratory membrane to capillaries is

A

Simple squamous > basement membrane of alveolus > interstitial space > basement membrane of capillary > simple squamous

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2
Q

The vestibule just inside each naris is lined by what epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

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3
Q

What is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Nasopharynx

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4
Q

In an asthma attack, what muscles in what contract

A

Smooth muscles in terminal bronchioles contract

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5
Q

If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to?

A

recoil so exhalation would be impeded

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide has a solubility coefficient 24 times higher than oxygen. This means that carbon dioxide…

A

Is 24x more soluble in water than oxygen

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7
Q

Emphysema causes destruction of elastic lung tissue. As a result of emphysema, elastic recoil of the lungs would ___ and compliance of the lungs would ___

A

decrease, increase

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8
Q

Why is the partial pressure of water PH2O of 47mmHg in both alveolar and expired air

A

The air in the respiratory tract is humidified to 100% saturation of water

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9
Q

Blood entering lungs has a PO2 of 40 mmHg while blood immediately leaving the lung capillaries has a PO2 of ____ mmHg because it has reached equilibrium with the PO2 in the _____

A

104, alveoli

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10
Q

Arterial blood entering the tissues has a PO2 = 95 mmHg and a PCO2 = 40 mmHg. Venous blood leaving the tissues has a PO2 = ____ mmHg and PCO2 = ____ mmHg

A

40, 45

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11
Q

Why do chemoreceptors not react for people with thalassemia or sickle cell anemia to provide adequate o2 to tissues

A

Chemoreceptors only monitor dissolved o2 in the blood and that remains unchanged for those with anemia

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12
Q

What is the effect called when hemoglobin that has released o2 binds more readily to co2 than hemoglobin that is highly saturated with o2

A

Haldane effect

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13
Q

When you are exercising, your rate of breathing because…

A

PCO2 levels increase & pH levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid drops

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14
Q

Lung recoil occurs because of elastic fibers in alveolar walls and …

A

surface tension of fluid that lines the alveoli

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15
Q

What condition causes increased compliance of lungs

A

emphysema

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16
Q

What is the total WBC count

A

4 - 11 x 10^3

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17
Q

What is the WBC composition from most to least

A

Neutrophil > lymphocyte > monocyte > eosinophils > basophils

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18
Q

What is the RBC count

A

males 4.5 - 6.5 x 10^6 mL

female: 3.9 - 5.6 x10^6 mL

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19
Q

What is factor XII known as

A

Hageman factor

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20
Q

Where can heparin be found in WBC

A

basophils and mast cells

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21
Q

Can anti-thrombin III be found

A

plasma proteins

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22
Q

What do granulocyte precursors lead to

A

Formation of granulocytes such as basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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23
Q

What does myeloid stem cells not form

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

What are the WBC with 3 nuclei

A

Neutrophils

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25
Q

What are the WBC with 2 nuclei

A

basophils and eosinophils

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26
Q

What separates superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Line across sternal angle and between T4, T5

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27
Q

What is epicardium known as

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

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28
Q

What is the cardiac tamponade

A

when the space around heart is filled with fluids and places pressure onto the heart

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29
Q

where does the apex of the heart lie

A

5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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30
Q

What played a role in fetal circulation

A

fossa ovalis

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31
Q

What do capillaries only have

A

endothelium (tunica intima)

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32
Q

What forms the respiratory mucosa

A

smooth muscle, lamina propria, respiratory epithelium

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33
Q

What causes bronchodilation

A

sympathetic innervation

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34
Q

what causes bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic innervation

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35
Q

Are the nucleus of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the same position for all cells

A

No. At different levels

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36
Q

What does not cast an impression on mediastinal surface of lungs

A

pulmonary trunk

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37
Q

How to differentiate between external and internal intercostal

A

Arrow upwards is external
Arrow downwards is internal

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38
Q

What is found in the innermost layer of intercostal muscles

A

transversus thoracis, innermost intercostal, subcostalis (all most active in forced expiration)

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39
Q

what forms the extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid + plasma

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40
Q

where can av node be found

A

near opening of coronary sinus

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41
Q

SA node activity and atrial activation generates _____ action potentials per minute at rest

A

60 - 100

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42
Q

When can 3rd heart beat be heard

A

Passive filling sound of ventricles cannot be heard normally except in hyperdynamic circulation or pathologically in cardiac failure

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43
Q

When can 4th heart beat be heard

A

At atrial systole, ventricular hypertrophy, difficulty in filling up ventricles during atrial contraction

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44
Q

when can cardiac murmurs be heard

A

Produced by turbulent flow of blood across incompetent (regurgitating) or stenotic (narrowed) valves

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45
Q

What does large vein have the most amount of

A

collagen fiber

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46
Q

what does large arteries have the most amount of

A

elastic fiber

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47
Q

what do capillaries have

A

endothelium (tunica intima)

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48
Q

What is the coronary sulcus

A

groove outside heart that separates atria and ventricles

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49
Q

does change in HR not affect

A

ESV

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50
Q

what does change in HR affet

A

CO, filling time, SV

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51
Q

What is fibrous pericardium epithelium like

A

stratified squamous

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52
Q

does left ventricle change with age

A

yes

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53
Q

what ion gates open when depolarization occurs

A

Na+ gates open

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54
Q

when does early repolarization occur

A

K+ open, Na+ close

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55
Q

when does final repolarization occur

A

K+ open

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56
Q

what is the CO like when someone has pulmonary edema

A

left ventricle CO is lower than right

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57
Q

what does increased input from baroceptor to Cardiac control center cause

A

decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic

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58
Q

What does increased extracellular Ca2+ cause

A

increased contraction and decreased HR

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59
Q

what are cardiac muscle ion channels like during plateau phase

A

Ca2+ open, K+ open, Na+ closed

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60
Q

What causes prepotential in pacemaker cells

A

ectopic action potentials in atria

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61
Q

What do parasympathetic nerve fibers extend to

A

terminal ganglia with wall of the heart

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62
Q

Excess K+ ions in cardiac tissue cause HR and SV to _____ and decreased extracellular K+ ions result in _____ HR

A

increase, decrease

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63
Q

What are the arteries in order of frequency of occlusion (From most frequent)

A

anterior interventricular branch, right coronary artery, circumflex branch, left coronary artery, posterior interventricular branch

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64
Q

Does polycythemia cause decreased TPR

A

False. Polycythemia causes increased TPR

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65
Q

Can Rh- donate to Rh+?

A

Yes

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66
Q

Do only factors X, IX, VII, II need vitamins

A

Yes

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67
Q

Are arterioles considered pressure reservoirs?

A

no. only arteries

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68
Q

What does increased input from baroreceptor

A

decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic

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69
Q

What does a cut vagus nerve cause

A

increased HR because vagus nerve is parasympathetic

70
Q

Sympathetic stimulation activates intrinsic and extrinsic control of SV?

A

yes

71
Q

What identified inferior wall using ECG

A

Lead II, III, aVF

72
Q

What is the difference between tachypnoea and hyperventilation

A

tachypnoea causes rapid breathing and shallow breaths

hyperventilation causes rapid breathing but deep breaths

73
Q

What is FRC

A

ERV + RV

74
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

IRV + TV

75
Q

What is vital capacity

A

IRV + ERV + TV

76
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

TLC = VC + RV
= (IRV + TV + ERV) + RV
= IC + FRC
= FRC + TV + IRV

77
Q

How does apex of the lung compensate for high ventilation and low perfusion

A

local airway dilation

78
Q

Are PDGF, VEGF, ADP, Ca2+, thromboxane A2 from degranulated enzymes?

A

no

79
Q

Do sympathetic fibers supply arteriolar smooth muscle everywhere?

A

No. Brain does not have as it needs constant cardiac output

80
Q

What does increased sympathetic innervation do to veins

A

generalized vasoconstriction

81
Q

What does decreased sympathetic innervation do to veins

A

generalized vasodilation

82
Q

What is the difference between vein and arteriole vasoconstriction?

A

Vein vasoconstriction leads to more venous return due to decreasing storage capacity (forced to push out more) while arteriole vasoconstriction leads to decrease flow due to increased TPR

83
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Respiration, endocrine function, immunological function, voice production, acid-base & metabolic regulation

84
Q

Intrapleural pressure becomes negative first or intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration?

A

Intra-pleural pressure

85
Q

What is the PO2 at the end of pulmonary capillaries =

A

100mmHg

86
Q

What is the gas exchange flow like at the alveoli to capillaries?

A

Alveolar epithelium <> basement membrane <> capillary endothelium

87
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 at alveoli?

A

Deoxygenated blood is PO2 = 40, PCO2 = 45 and reoxygenated blood is PO2 = 100, PCO2 = 40

88
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 at tissue cells?

A

Oxygenated blood is PO2 = 95, PCO2 = 40 and deoxygenated blood is PO2 = 40, PCO2 = 45

89
Q

What is the arterial PO2 before reaching left atria?

A

100 mmHg

90
Q

What is the arterial PO2 once it reaches atria?

A

95 mmHg

91
Q

What does inspiratory capacity involve?

A

IRV + TV

92
Q

What does FRC involve?

A

ERV + RV

93
Q

What does TLC involve?

A

VC + RV

IC + FRC

94
Q

What does vital capacity involve?

A

ERV + TV + IRV

95
Q

What does H+ stimulate?

A

Stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors which is important acid-base balance

96
Q

What does PCO2 stimulate

A

PCO2 weakly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors but strongly stimulates central chemoreceptors

97
Q

Why does H+ not affect central chemoreceptors?

A

Because it cannot bypass blood brain barrier

98
Q

What does PO2 stimulate?

A

Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Peripheral chemoreceptors are only stimulated when arterial PO2 has fallen < 60mmHg (emergency mechanism). It also directly depresses central chemoreceptors and respiratory center when < 60 mmHg

99
Q

How long does it take for gases to equilibrate between the alveolar space and plasma?

A

0.25s

100
Q

What does epinephrine do to bronchioles?

A

Binds to B2 adrenergic receptors for sympathetic mediation

101
Q

What do irritants do to the bronchi?

A

Causes bronchoconstriction

102
Q

What are the local controls of arterioles and bronchioles when PCO2 decreases and PO2 increases

A

Bronchioles constrict

pulmonary arteries dilate

systemic arteries constrict

103
Q

What are the local controls of arterioles and bronchioles when PCO2 increases and PO2 decreases

A

Bronchioles dilate

pulmonary arteries constrict

systemic arteries dilate

104
Q

The pressure of the blood exiting the right ventricle is

A

25

105
Q

Can sympathetic stimulation activate both intrinsic and extrinsic control of SV

A

Yes

106
Q

Is it a risk for Rh+ mother to have a Rh- fetus

A

No

107
Q

How is blood type determined

A

By glycoproteins and glycolipids on RBC membrane

108
Q

What would a blood clot in circumflex artery affect

A

Walls of the left atrium and posterior left ventricle

109
Q

What is the effect of norepinephrine on the heart

A

Increase rate and strength of contraction

110
Q

What does slowing the heart while holding the rate of venous return constant would cause

A

Increased CO

111
Q

The depolarization phase of the cardiac muscle action potential occurs when

A

Na+ channel open

112
Q

Early repolarization of cardiac muscle cells occurs when

A

K+ ion open, Na+ ion close

113
Q

Final repolarization of cardiac muscle cells occurs when

A

K+ ion open

114
Q

What allows cardiac muscle cell to undergo plateau phase

A

Ca2+ ion open, K+ ion open, Na+ ion close

115
Q

Is preload an intrinsic regulation of the heart

A

Yes

116
Q

Excess K+ ions in cardiac tissue cause heart rate and stroke volume to _____ and decreased extracellular K+ ions results in a ______ HR

A

decrease, increase

117
Q

Why is snorkeling hard to breathe

A

Increased dead space

118
Q

Which layer of the skin causes formation of fingerprints

A

reticular layer of dermis

119
Q

A plastic surgeon would most likely make a skin incision at where

A

along the cleavage line / langer lines

120
Q

which layer of epidermis has no nuclei in its cells

A

stratum corneum

121
Q

what is the gland most responsible for cooling the skin

A

merocrine

122
Q

what is contusion a result of

A

bleeding into dermis

123
Q

keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner and flatter. true or flase

A

false

124
Q

what attaches stratum basale to basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

125
Q

how many layers does stratum granulosum have

A

3 - 5

126
Q

does the papillary have areolar tissues

A

yes

127
Q

is cholecalciferol formed in the dermis

A

no

128
Q

are coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface apocrine glands

A

no

129
Q

what is a muscle fiber

A

single muscle cell

130
Q

which muscle cell has only 1 nucleus per cell

A

smooth muscle

131
Q

what do triads consist of

A

2 terminal cisternae
1 T-tubule

132
Q

at which stage does the myosin ATPase split the ATP molecule

A

energized stage

133
Q

what is the Z-line

A

attachment point for actin molecules

134
Q

what is the H-band

A

band where only myosin molecules are found

135
Q

what is a muscle motor unit

A

1 nerve fiber and all muscles innervated by that nerve

136
Q

what protein when moved exposes active sites on actin molecule

A

tropomyosin

137
Q

binding of ACh with its receptor on muscle cells causes

A

opening of ligand gated sodium channel

138
Q

what happens isometric muscle contraction overtime

A

amount of tension increases overtime during contraction

139
Q

what do type IIx muscle fibers not have compared to type i and iia

A

high amount of myoglobin

140
Q

if one has a limb immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks, what will happen

A

muscular atrophy; muscle fibers remain the same

141
Q

what is the pathway of the withdraw reflex

A

afferent pathway > spinal cord > efferent pathway

142
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

62 total (31 pairs)

143
Q

what makes up the cauda equina

A

lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

144
Q

what is the spinal cord continuous with

A

medulla oblongata

145
Q

anterior horn of gray matter in thoracic region of spinal cord contains cell bodies of

A

sympathetic motor neurons

146
Q

which reflex involves interneuron

A

withdrawal reflex

147
Q

if one damages their C6 and C7 spinal cord, what would happen

A

loss of sensation in trunk below shoulders, lower limbs and portions of arms

no damage to phrenic nerves

148
Q

which combination supply the sacral plexus

A

L4 - S4

149
Q

if one injures their hip and is unable to extend their leg, which nerve has been damaged

A

femoral

150
Q

which pair of spinal nerves does not supply any skin area

A

C1

151
Q

most somatosensory neurons are

A

unipolar

152
Q

at which point does activation gate of Na+ voltage gated channel close

A

before hyperpolarization (dip below resting potential)

153
Q

does ACh have an effect on PNS

A

no

154
Q

what do collagen and elastic fibers do

A

collagen = limit flexibility to prevent tissue damage

elastic = elastibility

155
Q

what does an increase in EGF produced by salivary & duodenum glands does not lead to

A

does not inhibit epidermal repair

156
Q

What is the characteristic of Addison’s disease

A

excess ACTH released by pituitary gland

157
Q

what does not make up the integumentary system

A

hypodermis

integumentary system = cutaneous membrane, accessory structures, epidermal & dermal layers

158
Q

how long is keratinisation

A

7 - 10 days

159
Q

are comedomes due to keratinisation disorder in skin

A

true

160
Q

what is the % of glial cells in CNS

A

90%

161
Q

what happens if Na+ & K+ pumps absent

A

tiny fluxes accompanying repeated APs will eventually run down conc. gradient

further APs impossible

162
Q

does norepinephrine bring about EPSPs or IPSPs

A

Both

163
Q

what is not a general function of nervous system

A

olfactory (smell)

164
Q

what is the clinical importance of CSF

A

spinal tap

165
Q

what does CNS consist of

A

brain & spinal cord

166
Q

according to somatotopic map, which body part occupies majority of top part of sensory homunculus

A

upper limb

167
Q

what is found in front of central sulcus

A

premotor cortex

168
Q

what joins cardia myocytes found in intercalated discs

A

gap junctions

169
Q

what is present in skeletal muscles but not smooth muscles

A

troponin

170
Q

to initiate smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ ions have to bind to

A

calmodulin

171
Q

what muscles do sprinters use

A

type iix

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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