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HSC1007 > Neurology Week 10 > Flashcards

Neurology Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nervous system organized

A

CNS and PNS
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerve are in the PNS

A

31

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are in PNS

A

12

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4
Q

How can the peripheral nervous system be subdivided

A

Into 2 divisions
- Afferent
- Efferent

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5
Q

What is the afferent division

A

Carries info to CNS

“A in afferent is advancing to CNS”

Consists of (1) sensory & (2) visceral stimuli

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6
Q

What is efferent division

A

Transmits info from CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

What can the efferent nervous system be divided into

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Fibers of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles

Subjected to voluntary control

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9
Q

What is autonomic nervous system

A

Fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Involuntary

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10
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided into

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What does an autonomic nerve pathway consists of

A

2 Neuron chain which are
(1) Preganglionic neuron
(2) Postganglionic neuron

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12
Q

What are Preganglionic neurons

A

Synapses with cell body of postganglionic fiber in a ganglion outside CNS

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13
Q

What is postganglionic neuron

A

Sends axons that end on effector organ

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14
Q

How are most visceral organs innervated

A

Dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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15
Q

What is dual innervation

A

Innervation of single organ by both branches of autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

When does sympathetic dominance occurs

A

Fight or flight

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17
Q

When does parasympathetic dominance occurs

A

Rest and digest

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18
Q

Where can preganglionic neurons be found with regards to sympathetic innervation

A

Located between segments T1 & L2 of spinal cord

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19
Q

What is unique of preganglionic fibers for sympathetic innervation

A

Can synapse with >1 ganglionic neurons

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20
Q

What is the distribution of parasympathetic innervation like

A

Innervates organs of 3 main regions
- Cranial
- Trunk
- Pelvic

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21
Q

What is the type of fibers of parasympathetic innervation like

A

Long preganglionic
Short postganglionic

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22
Q

What is gray matter

A

generic term for collection of cell bodies (soma) in the CNS

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23
Q

What is white matter

A

generic term for collection of CNS axons

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24
Q

What are the major features that protect CNS from injury

A

Cranium & Vertebral column

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood Brain Barrier

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25
Q

What does Meninges consist of

A

3 meningeal membranes that wrap, protect and nourish CNS

Continuous with spinal meninges

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26
Q

What are the different mater found in Meninges

A

Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia (inner layer)

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27
Q

Does the brain float in its own special CSF

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Shock absorbing liquid
- Surrounds & cushions brain & spinal cord
- Formed by choroid plexuses in ventricles (brain)

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29
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

Cushion delicate neural structures
Support brain
Transport nutrients, chemical messengers & waste products

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30
Q

How many ventricles can be found in the brain

A

4

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31
Q

Where can the 4th ventricle be found

A

Near the central canal of spinal cord

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32
Q

What produced meninges & CSF

A

Ependymal cells of choroid plexuses

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33
Q

Where does meninges & CSF circulate

A

Throughout ventricles

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34
Q

Where does meninges & CSF exit

A

4th ventricle

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35
Q

What happens to the meninges & CSF after flowing out of 4th ventricle

A

Flow in subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed into venous blood

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36
Q

How is CSF extracted

A

Through lumbar puncture from the subarachnoid space

Local anaesthesia is done prior to procedure

Patient can be either lying down to the side or sitting

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37
Q

What is the function of BBB

A

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation

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38
Q

How is BBB formed

A

Formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries

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39
Q

What is BBB

A

Highly selective BBB that regulates exchanges between blood & brain
- Allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ
- Selectively isolate brain from chemicals that could disrupt neural function

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40
Q

How is the brain nourished

A

Dependent on constant delivery of O2 & Glucose by blood

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41
Q

Does the brain utilize and store glucose

A

No. Only uses glucose but cannot store it

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42
Q

Does the brain need O2 for energy production

A

Yes

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43
Q

What is the weight of the brain relative to body weight

A

2%

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44
Q

How much CO goes into the brain

A

13 - 15%

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45
Q

What happens if the brain is deprived of O2

A

Brain damage occurs

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46
Q

What are the general functions of CNS

A

Subconsciously regulate homeostatic responses
Emotions
Voluntary Movement
Perception
Engage in higher cognitive processes

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47
Q

What are the componentsof the brain

A

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Forebrain
- Diencephalon
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
- Cerebrum
- basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
- cerebral cortex

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48
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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49
Q

Where can thalamus be found

A

Medially above hypothalamus

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50
Q

Where can basal nuclei be found relative to thalamus

A

Lateral to thalamus

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51
Q

What is the function of cerebral cortex

A

Sensory perception
Voluntary control of movement
Language
Personality trait
Sophisticated mental events
- thinking
- creativity

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52
Q

What is basal nuclei function

A

Inhibition of muscle tone
coordinating slow sustained movements
suppress useless patterns of movement

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53
Q

Where can the central sulcus be found

A

Between frontal and parietal lobe

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54
Q

What are the general functions of nervous system

A

Sensory

Communicative

Integrative

Motor

Respond to both internal & external stimuli

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55
Q

What does the CNS consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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56
Q

What does PNS consists of

A

Nerve fibers

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57
Q

Where do most of the cranial nerves originate from

A

Brain stem

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58
Q

How can the spinal cord be divided into from top to bottom

A

Cervical cord > thoracic cord > lumbar cord > sacral cord

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59
Q

Where can coccygeal nerve be found

A

At the tip of the end of spinal cord

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60
Q

How many nerves are found in each of the different spinal cord segments

A

Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1

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61
Q

Where do the rest of the nerves attached to after the spinal cord

A

Cauda equina (Horse tail?)

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62
Q

What is the 3rd system that ANS can influence

A

Enteric nervous system which affects digestive organs only

The mini brain of intestines and stomach

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63
Q

What is ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies

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64
Q

What is the sympathetic division called

A

Thoracolumbar division

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65
Q

What do adrenal medulla only have

A

preganglionic neuron

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66
Q

What is the parasympathetic division called

A

craniosacral division

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67
Q

What is the difference in pre/post-ganglionic neurons between thoracolumbar and craniosacral divisions

A

Craniosacral divisions have longer pre-ganglionic neurons and shorter post-ganglionic neurons compared to thoracolumbar

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68
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate

A

Innervates and supplies majority (75%) to the thoracic and abdominal organs

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69
Q

What are ventricles in the brain

A

Fluid filled cavities in the brain

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70
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Relay sensory inputs to CNS except smell

Motor control function

Degree of consciousness

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71
Q

What does hypothalamus do

A

Homeostatic function

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72
Q

What does cerebellum do

A

Balance & coordination of muscle activity

Enhances muscle tone

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73
Q

What does brain stem do

A

Respiratory function

Vital for survival. If its dead, u dead

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74
Q

What does the frontal lobe consists of

A

Prefrontal cortex & motor cortex

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75
Q

What is the purpose of prefrontal cortex

A

Complex cognitive decision making
Personality
Social behavior

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76
Q

What is the parietal lobe used for

A

Somatosensory processing

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77
Q

What is the occipital lobe used for

A

Visual

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78
Q

What is the temporal lobe used for

A

Memory formation

79
Q

What is the somatotopic map

A

Relative proportion of somatosensory cortex devoted to reception of sensory input from each area

Distribution of motor output from primary motor cortex to different parts of body

80
Q

How is the distribution of somatotopic map like

A

Precise distribution is unique to individual

It is use-dependent modification

81
Q

What is somatotopic map also known as

A

motor and sensory homunculus

82
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Long slender cylinder of nerve tissue

83
Q

What does the spinal cord extends to

A

Extends from the brain stem > vertebral canal > spinal nerves

84
Q

How is the spinal cord protected

A

Enclosed by protective vertebral column

85
Q

How are the white matter organized

A

Into tracts to form bundles of nerve fibers with similar function

86
Q

How to differentiate between white and gray matter

A

H symbol is gray matter, Surrounding is white matter

87
Q

What are dermatomes

A

Area of skin supplied by single spinal cord level or one side by a single spinal level

88
Q

What can dermatomes be used for

A

Localizing lesions to specific spinal nerve or level for neurological examination

89
Q

What are myotomes

A

Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by single spinal cord level or one side by single spinal nerve

90
Q

Are each skeletal muscle usually innervated by nerves from >1 spinal cord level

A

Yes

91
Q

How are myotomes used

A

Likewise to dermatomes, used to test movements at successive joints to help localize nerve or spinal cord lesions

92
Q

How does the afferent sensory nerves enter the spinal nerves

A

Through posterior ramus to dorsal root

93
Q

How does the efferent sensory nerves leave the spinal nerves

A

Through the ventral root to anterior ramus

94
Q

What does the posterior and anterior rami supply

A

Supplies spinal nerves T1 - L2

95
Q

What are nerve plexuses

A

Network of nerves that come together and then redistribute themselves out with different distribution of nerves into limbs

96
Q

Is nerve plexuses somatic or visceral

A

Both

97
Q

What is an advantage of using nerve plexuses instead of single spinal nerve

A

Less likely to cause total paralysis of muscle innervated by nerves from that plexus

98
Q

What are the nerves like when it exists the plexus

A

Contains fibers from different spinal nerves

99
Q

Does the plexus affect dermatomes sensing

A

No. It will eventually branch out to its respective areas

100
Q

The BBB is formed by network of tight junctions between endothelial cells of CNS arterioles. True or False

A

False

101
Q

The dorsal root of spinal cord carry ___ signal while ventral root carry ___ signal

A

Sensory; motor

102
Q

What are neurons

A

basic functional units / conducting cells of nervous system

103
Q

What do neurons do

A

Processes and transmits info in electrical & chemical form

104
Q

What is the structure of neurons

A

Cell body (soma)

Short, branched dendrites

Long, single axon

105
Q

What is the soma

A

contains organelles essential for survival (nucleus, mitochondria, RER)

106
Q

What are the short branched dendrites

A

highly branched and receives info from other neurons

107
Q

What is the long single axon

A

Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

108
Q

What are the different neurons

A

bipolar, unipolar and mulitpolar

109
Q

What is the bipolar neuron

A

bipolar neuron with 2 processes separated by cell body

110
Q

what is unipolar neuron

A

unipolar neuron have single elongated process with cell body located off to the side

111
Q

what is multipolar neuron

A

multipolar neurons have >2 processes - single axon & multiple dendrites

112
Q

What does the neuroglia do

A

Supports neuronal function

113
Q

What % of the NS is neuroglia

A

50%

114
Q

What are the different neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Myelinating glia
Microglia
Ependymal cells

MAME

115
Q

What do ependymal cells do

A

produces CSF

116
Q

what does microglia do

A

phagocytic role to remove cell debris, wastes

modified immune cells

117
Q

What are the 2 sub-types of myelinating glia

A

oligodendocytes (CNS)
schwann cells (PNS)

118
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

regulates chemical content of extracellular space

119
Q

Are neurons and muscle cells excitable tissues

A

yes

120
Q

What happens when neurons and muscle cells are excited

A

Produced electrical signals
neurons - receive, process, initiate and transmit messages
muscles - initiate contraction

121
Q

Are electrical signals important to function of NS

A

yes

122
Q

What are the different stages of neural comms

A

polarization
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization

123
Q

How are electrical signals produced

A

By changes in ion movement across plasma membrane
- event triggers membrane potential change
- alters membrane permeability = alters ion flow across membrane

124
Q

What are the gated channels in neurons

A

voltage gated
chemically gated
mechanically gated
thermally gated

125
Q

what are graded potentials

A

local changes in membrane potential
- occurs in varying degrees of magnitude
- stronger trigger = larger resultant graded potential

126
Q

How are graded potentials spread

A

By passive current flow
- current = flow of electrical charges
- resistance = resistance to electrical charge movement

127
Q

How do graded potentials die out

A

Over short distances

128
Q

What are action potentials

A

Brief, rapid, large changes in membrane potential

129
Q

Is it possible for the action potential to reverse

A

only if it is graded potential

130
Q

What happens inside excitable cells during action potential

A

Inside of cell transiently becomes more positive than outside

131
Q

What conditions lead to an action potential

A

marked changes in membrane permeability & ion movement

132
Q

What channels are involved for action potential

A

Voltage gated Na+ & K+ channels

133
Q

How are action potentials relayed through neuron

A

1) Dendrites receives incoming signals from other neurons (Input)
2) Soma initiates action potential through axon hillock (Trigger)
3) Axon conducts AP in undiminishing fashion over long distances (Conducting)
4) Axon terminals releases neurotransmitters that influences other cells (Output)

134
Q

What is the purpose of refractory period

A

Ensures one way propagation of AP

Limits frequency of AP

135
Q

Can an AP be initiated in region that has just undergone an AP

A

No

136
Q

How is the fashion in which an AP occurs

A

All or nothing

137
Q

What is the advantage of an AP acting in ‘all or nothing’ fashion

A

Allows discrimination of stimuli & weak stimuli do not initiate AP (No hypersensitivity)

138
Q

How does one measure the strength of a stimulus

A

Frequency of AP (magnitude of AP is the same each time)

139
Q

What does myelination do

A

Increase speed of conduction of AP

140
Q

What does the fiber diameter do

A

Influences velocity of AP propagation

141
Q

What is myelin

A

Thick layer of lipids

142
Q

What is the function of myelin

A

Insulates electrical transmission across axon

143
Q

What are the 2 forms of conduction

A

Contiguous & Saltatory conduction

144
Q

What are synapses

A

junction between neurons

145
Q

what are electrical synapses

A

neurons connected directly by gap junctions

146
Q

what are chemical synapses

A

chemical messenger transmits info 1 way across space between 2 neurons

147
Q

What makes the majority of synapses in human NS

A

chemical synapses

148
Q

What is the process of synaptic transmission

A

Depolarization
Influx of Ca2+
Docking
Release of neurotransmitter
Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor

149
Q

What do drugs & diseases do to synapses

A

modify synaptic transmission by altering its mechanism

150
Q

How are neurons linked

A

converging and diverging pathways

151
Q

what are converging pathways of a neuron

A

given neuron may have many other neurons synapsing on it

152
Q

what are diverging pathways of a neuron

A

branching axon terminals so 1 cell synapse influences other cells

153
Q

What are the different neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Glutamate
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

154
Q

What does GABA do

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS (IPSP)

155
Q

What does glutamate do

A

primary exhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS (EPSP)

156
Q

What does dopamine do

A

Involved in many pathways in CNS
- muscle movement
- reward pathway

157
Q

What is the effect of ANS on lungs

A

sympathetic
- Dilates bronchioles
- inhibits mucus secretion

parasympathetic
- constricts bronchioles
- stimulates mucus secretion

158
Q

What is the effect of ANS on digestive tract

A

sympathetic
- contracts sphincters to prevent forward movement of contents
- decreased motility
- inhibits digestive secretions

vice versa for parasympathetic

159
Q

What is the effect of ANS on urinary bladder

A

sympathetic = relaxes
parasympathetic = contracts (emptying)

160
Q

What is the effect of ANS on eyes

A

sympathetic = dilates eye and adjust for far vision
parasympathetic = constricts and adjust for near vision

161
Q

What is the effect of ANS on sweat glands

A

sympathetic = increased secretion by sweat glands for cooling body
parasympathetic = none

162
Q

What is the effect of ANS on salivary glands

A

sympathetic = small volume of thick salvia rich in mucus
parasympathetic = large volume of watery saliva rich in enzymes

163
Q

What is the effect of ANS on adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic = stimulates epinephrine & norepinephrine
parasympathetic = none

164
Q

What are the neurotransmitters produced by ANS

A

Sympathetic
- preganglionic = ACh
- postganglionic = NE

Parasympathetic
- preganglionic = ACh
- postganglionic = ACh

165
Q

What are the origin of ganglionic fibers in sympathetic system

A

preganglionic = thoracic & lumbar region of spinal cord
postganglionic = sympathetic ganglion chain / collateral ganglia

166
Q

Where can collateral ganglia be found

A

Halfway between spinal cord & effector organs

167
Q

What are the origin of ganglionic fibers in parasympathetic system

A

preganglionic = brain & sacral region of spinal cord
postganglionic = terminal ganglia (in or near effector organs)

168
Q

What is EPSPs

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials

169
Q

What is IPSPs

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials

170
Q

What happens when voltage in neuron exceeds threshold at -55mV

A

Action potential occurs

171
Q

WWhat are the stages of an action potential

A

1) Resting - Na+ & K+ channels closed
2) Stimulus - Na+ channels open & Na+ flows in
3) Threshold - Goes past -55mV, more Na+ channels open (Depolarization)
4) Peak - Na+ channels close, K+ channels open (30mV)
5) Repolarization - K+ rush out
6) Overshoot - membrane potential goes down to -90mV, K+ channels close, Na+ K+ pump restores initial conditions & resting potential

172
Q

What ion is the main driver of membrane potential

A

K+

173
Q

What is the difference between contiguous & saltatory conduction

A

Saltatory conduction occurs at axon with myelin sheaths whereas contiguous conduction does not

174
Q

where is AP initiated

A

axon hillock

175
Q

What do EPSPs and IPSPs do

A

EPSP = brings graded potential closer to threshold

vice versa for IPSPs

176
Q

what channel is responsible for refractory period

A

Na+ channels

177
Q

outward movement of ___ ions rapidly restores negative resting potential

A

K+

178
Q

what ion is the resting membrane most permeable to

A

K+

179
Q

what is the life cycle of CSF

A
  • produced by ependymal cells of choroid plexuses
  • circulate throughout ventricles
  • exit 4th ventricle
  • flow in subarachnoid space
  • reabsorbed into venous blood
180
Q

what organ only has preganglionic nerve

A

adrenal gland

181
Q

where does spinal cord end

A

L1 vertebrae

182
Q

What does sympathetic & parasympathetic ganglionic fibers originate from

A

sympathetic = thoracic & lumbar regions of spinal cord

parasympathetic = brain & sacral region of spinal cord

183
Q

what does the grey and white matter contain

A

grey = soma collection

white = axon axon collection

184
Q

how are graded potentials spread

A

passive current flow

185
Q

visceral motor nuclei in the brainstem & spinal cord are known as

A

preganglionic neurons

186
Q

bundles of axons in peripheral NS are known as

A

nerve fibers

187
Q

which neural cell has phagocytotic properties

A

microglia

188
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters cause ____, inhibitory neurotransmitters cause ___

A

depolarization; hyperpolarization

189
Q

gray matter of the spinal cord consist of

A

neuronal cell bodies & unmyelinated axons

190
Q

what does damage to basal nuclei lead to

A

difficulty starting voluntary movement & decreased muscle tone

191
Q

which area acts as a filter for sensory info coming into sensory cortex

A

pons

192
Q

all ___ pathways send info to the ___ when motor commands are issued

A

motor / cerebellum

193
Q

translation of a stimulus into AP is known as

A

transduction

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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