Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSC1007 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

pH of blood

A

7.45 - 7.55 pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

temperature of blood

A

38 degrees celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of blood

A
  • transportation of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes
  • immunity
  • regulation of pH, ion concentration, osmolarity, body temperature
  • hemostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma composition

A

92% water
7% plasma proteins
1% other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma proteins composition

A

Albumins 60%
Globulins 35%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Purpose of albumin

A

Major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma and transport lipids and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Purpose of globulins

A

transport ions, lipids, hormones and immune function via immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

purpose of fibrinogen

A

essential for clotting as it can form insoluble fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do erythrocytes need to replaced

A
  • plasma membrane is fragile and prone to rupture leading to hemolysis
  • no DNA/RNA/ribosomes to synthesize/repair/divide cellular components
  • lifespan is 100- 120 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many erythrocytes is produced via erythropoiesis

A

2-3 x 10^6 RBC/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

Gas transport transport via hemoglobin for O2 and carbonic anhydrase for CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is CO2 transported in the body

A

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to HCO3 (bicarbonate) which is the primary form in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is pH regulated in blood

A

CO2 is converted to bicarbonate and the floating H+ ions are bound to hemoglobin, thereby neutralizing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do erythrocytes not consume O2 when transporting them

A

RBCs have no mitochondria and uses glycolysis system (anaerobic) for ATP to fuel transport mechanisms to maintain ionic concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis

A
  1. hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow becomes proerythroblast
  2. ribosome synthesis occurs in early erythroblast
  3. hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblast and normoblast
  4. nucleus is ejected from normoblast to form reticulocytes
  5. hemoglobin synthesis continues and leaves bone marrow, continuing maturation to form mature RBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are the sites for erythropoiesis

A

fetus - yolk sac, developing liver and spleen

child - most bones with red bone marrow

adult - bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, upper end of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

essential requirements of erythropoiesis

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, iron, vitamin b12, folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how much iron is needed daily

A

10 - 15mg per day but only 10% absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how much iron is lost in male and female

A

0.5 - 1mg daily for males

Greater for females due to menstruation and pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much iron is given to fetus

A

300mg of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sources of vitamin b12

A

animal sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is vitamin b12 stored

A

0.8 - 1mg in liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

folate sources

A

vegetables, fruits, yeast, kidneys, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is folate and b12 important

A

necessary for thymidylate synthesis which is the thymine nucleotide in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why is iron essential

A

essential for myoglobin and haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

deficiency in vitamin b12 and folate leads to

A

macrocytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

deficiency in iron leads to

A

microcytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe the hemoglobin structure

A
  • quaternary structure
  • consists of 4 folded polypeptide chains
  • 2alpha + 2beta chains (subunits)
  • each contains 1 heme molecule (1 Fe = 1 O2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does o2 diffuse from blood to tissue

A

due to weak and reversible binding of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how molecules of o2 can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind to

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how much o2 is pumped per litre of blood

A

200ml of o2 per L of blood

32
Q

when does polycythemia occur

A

when there is an excess of RBC leading to an increase in hemocrit

33
Q

what are the different types of polycythemia

A

primary which is due to tumor/tumor-like condition of bone marrow

secondary which is EPO induced as a result of an adaptive response

relative which is due to dehydration which leads to a decrease in plasma; RBC remains unchanged by concentration “increased”

34
Q

what is considered anemia

A

below normal o2 carrying capacity of blood due to decreased erythropoiesis rate and decreased hemoglobin in RBC

35
Q

what are the different types of anemia

A

microcytic anemia - RBC smaller than normal as a result of iron deficiency

macrocytic anemia - RBC larger than normal as a result of B12 and Folate deficiency

aplastic anemia - Bone marrow fails to produce enough despite having all ingredients readily available due to radiation or chemotherapy

36
Q

explain the process of rbc turnover and recycling

A
  • Aged and damaged RBC engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen and bone marrow
  • hemoglobin broken down into globin and heme
  • globin is broken down to amino acids
  • heme is broken down to iron and bilirubin
  • iron is stored as ferritin and hemosiderin and then bound to transferin and then to bloodstream
  • bilirubin is transported to small intestine to be metabolized to stercobilin and excreted out as feces
37
Q

When is Erythropoietin (EPO) released

A

released by kidneys when
- hypoxia like conditions
- decreased o2 availability
- increased o2 demand by tissues
- hemorrhage or anemia
- decreased blood flow to kidneys

38
Q

what kind of protein is EPO

A

peptide hormone

39
Q

why is RBC count higher in males than females

A

males have androgen which increases erythropoiesis

40
Q

what is the production distribution of EPO like

A

90% kidneys
10% liver

41
Q

what does EPO do

A
  • increase proliferation rate of proerythroblast and erythroblast
  • increase Hb synthesis
  • increase hematopoietic stem cell forming proerythroblast
  • increase RBC production 10x
42
Q

What are the different blood types

A

Type A, B, AB, O

43
Q

Which rhesus group makes the blood positive and negative

A

Only RhD is positive, rest is negative

44
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor for emergency situations

A

O- blood type

45
Q

What are the different blood transfusion reactions

A

Allergic - facial flush, rashes
Febrile - headache, fever, chills, tachypnea, tachycardia
Hemolytic - chest pain, headaches, low back pain, decreased blood pressure, tachycardia

46
Q

what are platelets

A

fragments of megakaryocytes

47
Q

how are platelets formed

A

thrombopoiesis

48
Q

why do platelets no adhere to cells and form clots

A

non-activated platelets do not adhere to endothelial cells due to ‘repulsive’ glycoproteins on platelet surface

49
Q

what are the different lymphocytes present in blood

A

Macrophages, Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Mast cells, Dendritic cells

50
Q

which lymphocyte is involved in antigen representation

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

51
Q

which lymphocyte is involved in allergies

A

basophils

52
Q

which lymphocyte is involved in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

A

neutrophils and macrophages

53
Q

which lymphocyte is involved in killing parasites

A

basophils and eosinophils

54
Q

which lymphocyte is involved in releasing granules

A

mast cells

55
Q

what are the 3 phases that occur in blood clot formation

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet phase
  3. coagulation phase
56
Q

explain the process of vasoconstriction in blood clots

A
  • endothelial cells contract, exposing underlying basal lamina to blood stream
  • endothelial cells release chemical factors and hormones such as tissue factor, ADP and thromboxane A2
  • these hormones stimulate smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, stimulate division of smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts for tissue repair
  • endothelial membrane becomes sticky forming a partial seal that slows blood flow and blood loss
57
Q

explain the process that occurs in platelet phase of blood clot formation

A
  • circulating platelets adhere to injury site by von Willebrand factors
  • platelets are then activated by exposed collagen at site
  • these activated platelets secrete serotonin and thromboxane A2 which enhance vascular spasms and ADP which enhances platelet aggregation and secretion and tissue factor
  • activated platelets form a positive feedback loop to activate other platelets to bind to and secrete as those above
  • normal uninjured endothelium release prostacyclin and nitric oxide to inhibit further platelet aggregation and confine to injury site
  • fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets to form clot
58
Q

What are the 3 pathways for blood clots

A
  1. Intrinsic pathway
  2. Extrinsic pathway
    3, common pathway
59
Q

which factors are involved in intrinsic pathway

A

factor XII, XI, IX, VIII

60
Q

which factor is involved in extrinsic pathway

A

factor VII and tissue factor

61
Q

what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

A

intrinsic pathway is activated when vessel endothelium ruptures and exposes underlying tissue (collagen)

Extrinsic pathway is activated when tissue cell trauma occurs releasing tissue factor

62
Q

What does Thrombin (Factor IIa) do

A
  • Releases Tissue Factor to enhance extrinsic pathway
  • Releases PF3 to enhance intrinsic pathway
  • Increases platelet aggregation
  • Enhance its own generation
  • Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Activates factor XIII which stabilizes fibrin mesh
63
Q

Which coagulation factors need Vitamin K

A

Factor X, IX, VII, II

64
Q

Which coagulation factors produced by liver

A

all except factor III, IV (3,4)

65
Q

What is Tissue Factor also known as

A

TF/Thromboplastin/Factor III

66
Q

Why is tissue factor in extrinsic pathway better

A

It can bypass several steps in intrinsic pathway. In severe trauma, clot formed in 15s

67
Q

Why is tissue factor separated

A

Separated from circulating VIIa by endothelium and is triggered by blood exposure from damaged endothelium

68
Q

How is clot dissolved

A

During clot formation, plasminogen is trapped inside the clot. Surrounding tissue and vascular endothelial cells slowly release tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) which cleaves inactive plasminogen to plasmin which digests the fibrin and dissolves the clot. Phagocytes WBC remove clot remains

69
Q

What are the clotting disorders

A

Thrombocytopenia

Hemophilia

Thromboembolism

70
Q

What are the different types of hemophilia

A

Excessive bleeding due to different deficiencies

Type A - Factor VIII deficiency (most common)

Type B - Factor IX deficiency

Type C - Factor XI deficiency (mild condition)

71
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A
  • Low circulating platelets (< 50 x 10^6/mL; normally 150 - 350 x 10^6/mL)
  • Spontaneous widespread hemorrhage which results in small purple spots on skin
  • caused by suppression and destruction of bone marrow (cancer, radiation)
72
Q

What is thromboembolism

A

Thrombi - solid mass forming in blood circulation w/ platelet and fibrin
- blocks circulation resulting in tissue death (deep vein thrombosis)
- thrombus in blood vessel (coronary thrombosis)

Embolus - thrombi freely floating
- Impairs body to obtain O2 (Pulmonary emboli)
- Stroke (Cerebral emboli)

73
Q

What is factor XII involved in

A

Clot formation and plasmin activation (fast)

Clot dissolution (slow)

74
Q

What is the purpose of prothrombin time test

A

Tests for possible factor VII deficiency
- normally 11 - 13s
- standardised by International Normalized Ration (INR)

Prolonged PT suggests
- Factor VII deficiency
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Liver disease
- Warfarin

75
Q

What is the purpose of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A

Measured clotting time time by adding Factor XII (12)
- Normally 25 - 40s
- Tests intrinsic pathway

Prolonged test suggests
- Factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, vWF deficiency
- Factor VIII, IX, XI, XII, vWF inhibitors
- Heparin consumption

76
Q

Types of anti-coagulants

A

Heparin
- Found in basophils and mast cells
- co-factor of anti-thrombin III

Anti-thrombin III (Serine-Protease inhibitor)
- Plasma protein that binds to and inactivated thombin, Factor IXa and Xa

Warfarin
- inhibits vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
- Factors X, IX, VII, II

Removal of Ca2+ ions
- chelates and binds to calcium ions
- citrate, oxalate, EDTA

HSC1007 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions