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HSC1007 > Heart anatomy > Flashcards

Heart anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart

A

4 chambered fibromuscular pump

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2
Q

What is the size of the heart

A

Size of an adult fist

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3
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Mediastinum

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4
Q

How many and what are the external features/surfaces of the heart

A
  1. Diaphragmatic surface
  2. Posterior (Base) surface
  3. Sternocostal (Anterior) surface
  4. Right pulmonary surface
  5. Left pulmonary surface
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5
Q

What are the cusps of the valves in the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary valve which has 3 cusps - Anterior semilunar, Right semilunar, Left semilunar

Tricuspid valve which has 3 cusps - Septal, Anterior, Posterior

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6
Q

Where are the atrioventricular and semilunar cardiac valves located

A

Atrioventricular and aorto-pulmonary pathway of blood flow

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7
Q

What is the problem that could arise from valve incompetency

A

Blood backflow which leads to heart failure over time

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8
Q

What happens in a cardiac failure

A

Hypertrophied heart
- Diastolic heart failure due to filling problem
- Left ventricle unable to relax normally resulting in fluid backing up into lungs
- Diastolic failure leads to problems with heart relaxation and filling with blood

Dilated heart
- Systolic heart failure due to pumping problem
- inability of heart to contract enough to provide blood flow forward
- problems with contraction and blood ejection

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9
Q

What is the other name of bicuspid valve

A

Mitral valve

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10
Q

What does each cusp contain

A

Core of connective tissue and endothelial covering

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11
Q

What are the 3 apex of the heart

A

Clinical apex, true anatomical apex, radiological apex`

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12
Q

Which pericardium is pain sensitive

A

Fibrous and Parietal Serous pericardium. Both are innervated by Phrenic nerve

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13
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the heart

A

Vertebropericardial ligaments, Superior sternopericardial ligament, Sternopericardial ligament, Phrenicopericardial ligament

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14
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation is from heart to lungs

Systemic circulation is from heart to body

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15
Q

Explain the process of blood flow

A
  1. O2 rich blood from left atria moves into left ventricles and then to aorta
  2. O2 rich blood flows from aorta to the systemic capillaries and gas exchanges occurs
  3. O2 poor blood flows back into heart via inferior and superior vena cava to right atria and then to right ventricle
  4. Blood flows from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk and then to pulmonary arteries to lungs
  5. Gas exchange occurs at pulmonary capillaries
  6. O2 rich blood flows through pulmonary veins to left atrium
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16
Q

what makes the posterior surface (base)

A

Left atrium + Right atrium + Proximal part of great veins

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17
Q

What makes the sternocostal (anterior) surface

A

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left ventricle

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18
Q

What makes the diaphragmatic surface

A

Left and Right ventricle

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19
Q

What is the significance of transverse pericardial sinus

A

Allows surgeon to isolate the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and apply a temporary ligature or clamp. This allows surgeons to stop or divert the circulation of blood in these arteries while performing cardiac surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting.

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20
Q

What is the significance of pericardium with relation to pericardiocentesis

A

Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It’s done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid. If not, heart is unable to pump blood enough and effectively

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21
Q

Why should atrioventricular and semilunar valves remain competent always

A

Leads to blood backflow and heart failure

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22
Q

Where are atrioventricular cardiac valves located

A

Located at opening of atria into ventricles

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23
Q

Where are the semilunar cardiac valves located

A

Located at opening of ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

What is the difference between atrioventricular and semilunar cardiac valves

A

Closure of valves is active in atrioventricular valves whereas semilunar cardiac valves are passive

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25
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles

A

Works with chordae tendineae to prevent inversion or prolapse of valves on systole

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26
Q

What is the function of chordae tendineae

A

Works with papillary muscles to prevent inversion or prolapse of valves on systole

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27
Q

What is the purpose of trabeculae carneae

A

Prevents high pressure blood flowing in from forming bubbles and suction could occur which impairs heart’s ability to pump efficiently

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28
Q

What are the components of left ventricle

A

Mitral/bicuspid valve
- anterior and posterior cusp

Papillary muscles
- anterior and posterior

Chordae tendineae

Coronary sinus

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29
Q

What are the components of left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

Valves of foramen ovale

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

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30
Q

What are the components of right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve
- Anterior, Septal, Posterior

Chordae Tendineae

Papillary muscles
- Anterior, septal Posterior

Trabeculae carneae

Conus arteriosus

septomarginal trabecula

Pulmonary valve
- Anterior, Right, Left semilunar

Pulmonary trunk

Arch of aorta

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31
Q

What is the function of conus arteriosus

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk and onto lungs

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32
Q

What is the function of septomarginal trabecula

A

AKA Moderator band

Does not attach to the tricuspid valve, but acts as part of the electrical conduction pathway of the heart

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33
Q

Significance of foramen ovale

A

Significant in fetal circulation

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34
Q

What are the components of Right Atrium

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava

Valve of inferior vena cava

Oval fossa

Limbus of oval fossa

fossa ovalis

Valve and opening of coronary sinus

Crista terminalis

Musculi pectinati

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35
Q

What is the function of crista terminalis

A

discrete bundle of atrial myocardium that conducts impulses generated by the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) junction

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36
Q

What is the function of musculi pectinati

A

Acts as a Right atrium volume reserve during adverse loading conditions

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37
Q

Explain the covering layers of the heart

A

Outside to inside

  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Parietal layer of serous pericardium
  3. Pericardial cavity
  4. Visceral layer of serous pericardium
  5. Myocardium
  6. Endocardium
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38
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with and how many mL

A

Pericardial fluid

15 - 50 mL

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39
Q

What is the treatment methods for Ischemic Heart Disease

A

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Balloon angioplasty and stents

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40
Q

What makes the posterior (base) orientation of the heart

A

Left atrium, proximal parts of great veins, and right atrium

41
Q

What makes the diaphragmatic orientation of the heart

A

Right and left ventricle

42
Q

What makes the sternocostal (anterior) orientation of the heart

A

Left ventricle, right ventricle and right atrium

43
Q

What is the significance of Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Allows surgeon to isolate pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

Use these to stop/divert blood circulation in arteries while performing cardiac surgery

44
Q

Coronary arteries of heart

A

Right coronary artery

Right marginal branch of right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Sino-atrial nodal branch of left coronary artery

Posterior interventricular branch of circumflex branch of left coronary artery

Left circumflex artery (Circumflex branch of left coronary artery)

Left anterior interventricular artery (Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery)

Diagonal branch of anterior interventricular branch

45
Q

Coronary veins

A

Great cardiac vein

Anterior interventricular vein

Posterior cardiac vein

coronary sinus

Middle cardiac vein

Small cardiac vein

Right marginal veins

Anterior veins of right ventricle

46
Q

What are capillaries lacking compared to veins and arteries

A

No elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

47
Q

What are blood arteries and the disadvantages of them

A

They are end arteries which means if compromised, the muscles supplied by that vein/artery is affected

48
Q

Describe cardiac cells

A

Cross striations and connected by intercalated discs and connects one myocyte with another

49
Q

Difference between ventilation and respiration

A

Ventilation is gas movement whereas respiration is the exchange of gases

50
Q

What is the role of upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract

A

Upper respiratory tract - Ventilation

Lower respiratory tract - Ventilation & Respiration

51
Q

What separates the nose from mouth (nasopharynx from oropharynx)

A

Soft palate

52
Q

Oropharynx is in between what pathways

A

Air and food pathways

53
Q

What is the significance of the pharynx

A

Separates food and air pathways

54
Q

How do you see the opening of larynx

A

Laryngoscopy

55
Q

What is the significance of larynx

A

Prevent asphyxiation (choking; primary function) and voice production (secondary function)

56
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

Produce mucus

57
Q

What is the function of ciliated cells

A

Move mucus to esophagus via pharynx

58
Q

What is the function of mucus

A

Traps dust and moisture incoming air to become more humid

59
Q

Why is warming the incoming air necessary for breathing

A

Cold air will cause the muscles to contact which makes it difficult to breathe. Bringing the temperature to body temperature reduces the muscle contraction and minimize air resistance

60
Q

What happens to prevent food particles from entering the nasopharynx from the oropharynx during the act of swallowing?

A

Elevation of soft palate

61
Q

Where does the lower respiratory tract starts to trachea

A

C6 (Cricoid cartilage) to T4 (Sternal angle)

62
Q

What is the smooth muscle found in trachea

A

Trachealis

63
Q

Where does the tracheal bifurcation occur

A

Sternal angle in between IV and V vertebrae

64
Q

Which bronchus would food go into when someone starts choking

A

Right bronchus

65
Q

Why is the right bronchi wider than left bronchi

A

Right bronchi is already forming other bronchi generations

Arch of aorta and heart push the left lung to the side

66
Q

Why is cancer at bronchi dangerous

A

It can spread to spine which results in back pain and possible malignancy

67
Q

When is a bronchus considered a bronchiole

A

Lack of cartilage

68
Q

What are the different generations of the bronchus to alveoli

A

1st - 11th Generation is Bronchi

12th - 14th generation is bronchiole

15th - 23rd generation is respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

69
Q

What are the differences between bronchus and bronchiole

A

Cartilage
- Bronchus has hyaline cartilage plates, bronchioles do not

Cell epithelium
- Bronchus has respiratory epithelium, bronchioles have low columnar ciliated epithelium

Cells
- Bronchus has goblet cells and submucous glands, Bronchioles has sparse goblet cells and submucous glands

Both have smooth muscle deep to epithelium

70
Q

Which lung is longer

A

Left lung

71
Q

Which lung is larger and why

A

Right lung because left lung space taken up by heart

72
Q

Which structure does not cast any impression on mediastinal surface of lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

73
Q

What is necessary for alveoli to conduct gas diffusion

A

Moist air/Water

74
Q

Where is the xiphoid process

A

Tip of the sternum

75
Q

What is the sternal angle also called

A

Manubriosternal joint

76
Q

When diaphragm contracts, what does it do?

A

Descend

77
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm

A

To create negative pressure for air to come in

78
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 and 12

79
Q

Which ribs do not connect to the sternum directly but are connected to another rib by cartilage

A

Ribs 8 - 10 connect to Rib 7 by cartilage

80
Q

What does each lung contain

A

1x Principal bronchus

1x Pulmonary artery

2x pulmonary veins

Bunch of bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatics

81
Q

Where does the acinus/acini begin

A

15th - 23rd generation

82
Q

Why is lingula called as such

A

Because it looks like a tongue

83
Q

Where is the lowest point of pleural fluid

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

84
Q

What is the distribution of the surface area of Type I and II cells in alveoli

A

90% of surface area is Type I and 10% of surface area is Type II

85
Q

What helps to give bronchus its rigid structure

A

Cartilage

86
Q

What is the difference between trachea and bronchus in terms of their cartilage plates

A

Trachea has C-shaped cartilage plates whereas bronchus has broken cartilage plates

87
Q

What is the purpose of elastic tissue in the context of lungs

A

It is stretched to keep bronchiole airway open even where there is no hyaline cartilage

88
Q

Why is the pleural cavity important

A

With the help of pleural fluid, it reduces friction which could lead to alveoli collapse and ensure a negative intrapleural pressure

89
Q

Which part of the sternum is the most fragile

A

Sternal angle

90
Q

What are the 2 joints between the ribs and vertebrae

A

Costovertebral joint and Costotransverse joint

91
Q

What does each rib connect to at the vertebrae

A

Demifacet

92
Q

What makes the innermost layer of intercostal muscles

A

Transversus thoracis, Innermost intercostal, Subcostalis

93
Q

Which muscles are the most active in forced expiration

A

Transversus thoracis, innermost intercostal and subcostalis

94
Q

Which ribs are considered atypical

A

Ribs 1, 11 and 12

95
Q

Where does Rib 2 articulate with sternum

A

Articular demifacets of sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)

96
Q

What are lobar bronchi

A

First Bronchi branching out from left and right bronchi

97
Q

What are the 3 dimensions for respiration

A

Increased Anterior - Posterior diameter

Increased Transverse diameter

Increased vertical diameter

98
Q

Why is the lung having bronchopulmonary segments is advantageous

A

If one love needs to be removed, it can be without compromising the entire lung. However, the amount of air that can be taken in is reduced but still remains functional

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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