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HSC1007 > CVS Week 4 > Flashcards

CVS Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are reconditioned organs

A

Reconditioned organs receive more blood than needed to perform homeostatic adjustments

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2
Q

Examples of reconditioned organs

A

Digestive tract: collects nutrients

Kidneys: Adjust water & electrolytes and remove wastes

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3
Q

Define flow rate

A

Volume of blood passing through per unit time

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4
Q

Factors of flow rate

A

Directly proportional to pressure gradient

Inversely proportional to resistance

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5
Q

Define blood pressure

A

Force exerted by blood against vessel

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6
Q

Define pressure gradient

A

Difference in pressure between beginning and end of vessel

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7
Q

Define resistance

A

Friction between blood and vascular wall

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8
Q

What allows for pulse pressure

A

Elastic properties of arteries help convert pulsatile flow of heart into more continuous flow in capillaries

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9
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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10
Q

Where can pulse waves be felt

A

Major arteries

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11
Q

What causes pulse waves

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What determines the pulse wave strength

A

Stronger difference between systolic and diastolic pressure = stronger pulse wave

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13
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

Rapid transit passageways to organs and acts as a pressure reservoir

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14
Q

What factors determine the blood pressure

A

Depends on
1) distensibility of vessel walls
2) volume of blood within vessel

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15
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

max pressure when blood ejected into arteries

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16
Q

define diastolic pressure

A

minimum pressure when blood draining into rest of vessel during diastole

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17
Q

Define mean arterial pressure

A

Main driving force of blood flow

Average pressure driving blood forward

Constantly monitored and regulated by body’s blood pressure reflexes

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18
Q

How is Mean Arterial Pressure calculated

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

OR

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

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19
Q

Why does pressure drop from arteries to veins

A

Due to increasing non-pulsatile property (smoother flow)

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20
Q

In arteries, there is little resistance and hence little pressure lost which means…

A

pressure constant throughout arterial tree

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21
Q

Notch formed in a blood pressure graph is due to…

A

Aortic valve closing

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22
Q

What is the blood flow like in capillaries compared to arteries

A

Slower than arteries

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23
Q

How are RBCs aligned in capillaries

A

Single file

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24
Q

Why are capillaries designed as sites of exchange

A

Thin walled, extensive branching and close proximity to cells for exchange

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25
Q

What changes occur when blood goes from arteries to capillaries to veins

A

Flow velocity drops at capillaries but goes back up to normal

Cross section area increases at capillaries but goes back down to normal

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26
Q

Why is the total flow rate of capillaries the same throughout circulatory tree

A

Due to increased surface area

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27
Q

What is the flow rate like in capillaries

A

5L/min

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28
Q

What has the same flow rate of capillaries

A

Cardiac output

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29
Q

Can plasma proteins cross the capillary wall

A

No

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30
Q

Can exchangeable proteins pass through capillaries

A

Yes via vesicular transport

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31
Q

Can water soluble substances pass through capillaries

A

Yes through water filled pores

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32
Q

Name examples of water soluble substances in capillaries

A

Na+, K+

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33
Q

Can lipid soluble substances pass through capillaries

A

Yes via endothelial cells

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34
Q

Name examples of lipid soluble substances in capillaries

A

O2, Co2

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35
Q

The more metabolic active tissues have more capillaries

A

True

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36
Q

Why do we have pre-capillary sphincters

A

Many capillaries are not open under resting conditions and capillaries have no smooth muscle

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37
Q

What do pre-capillary sphincters do

A

Control blood flow at capillaries

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38
Q

What happens to pre-capillary sphincters when metabolic activity occurs

A

Increased metabolic activity = sphincters relax = more capillaries open = increased blood flow to active tissues

39
Q

What is endothelin

A

Potent vasoconstrictor

40
Q

How are arterioles regulated

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

41
Q

How is vasodilation induced

A

Increased CO2, Nitric Oxide

Decreased O2, sympathetic stimulus

42
Q

How is vasoconstriction induced

A

Increased O2, endothelin, sympathetic stimulus (cold, vasopressin, angiotensin II)

Decreased CO2

43
Q

Local control of arteriolar radius is important for what

A

Determining cardiac output distribution

44
Q

What are local vasoregulators of arterioles

A

Vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular tone

45
Q

What is vascular tone

A

State of partial constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle

Establishes baseline of arteriolar resistance

46
Q

What determines the blood flow to organs

A

Difference in vascularization

Difference in resistance by arterioles supplying organs

47
Q

What is nitric oxide

A

potent vasodilator

48
Q

Which area does sympathetic fibers not supply arteriolar smooth muscle

A

The brain because it needs constant cardiac output regardless of situation

49
Q

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes

A

generalized Vasoconstriction

50
Q

decreased sympathetic stimulation causes

A

generalized vasodilation

51
Q

Why is extrinsic control of arteriolar radius important

A

Important in regulating blood pressure

52
Q

Does arterioles have parasympathetic innervation

A

No except penis and clitoris

53
Q

When does local controls override sympathetic vasoconstriction

A

Exercise

Exercise = increased sympathetic stimulus = generalized vasoconstriction = metabolic activity of skeletal muscles (ex: leg) induces vasoconstriction override = more blood goes to leg = less blood to rest of organs (ex: arm)

54
Q

What does cardiovascular control center do

A

Controls sympathetic stimulus

55
Q

What are examples of adrenal hormones

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

56
Q

What does norepinephrine do

A

Induce generalized vasoconstriction

57
Q

What does epinephrine do

A

Reinforces local vasodilatory mechanisms mostly in skeletal muscles and heart

To a weaker extent, generalized vasoconstriction

58
Q

What are angiotensin II and vasopressin

A

Potent vasoconstrictors

59
Q

What does vasopressin do

A

Maintain H2O balance

60
Q

What does angiotensin II do

A

Regulates salt balance

61
Q

What do vasopressin and angiotensin II do

A

Both help with water retention and maintaining blood volume and pressure

62
Q

What are the effects of exercise

A

Increased HR, CO, SV, venous return, blood flow to active skeletal and heart muscle, skin, MAP

Decreased TPR, blood flow to digestive tract, kidneys and other organs

No effect on brain

63
Q

Why does TPR drop when exercise occurs

A

Skeletal muscles, heart and skin decrease to a greater extent than resistance in other organs

64
Q

Why does blood flow increase to active skeletal muscles and heart

A

Epinephrine vasodilatory effect overpowers weaker sympathetic vasoconstrictor effect

65
Q

Why is blood pressure closely regulated

A

Must be sufficient to maintain blood flow and tissue perfusion (fluid exchange)

66
Q

What is blood pressure affected by

A

CO and TPR

67
Q

What is TPR affected by

A

Blood viscosity and arteriolar radius

68
Q

What happens when BP is too high

A

Heart is overworked = vascular damage = small vessel rupture

69
Q

What is venous return

A

Blood returning to heart

70
Q

What are the properties of veins

A

Low resistance, low elastic tissue, low smooth muscle

71
Q

What do veins function as

A

Blood reservoir

72
Q

What can veins do to increase BP

A

Decrease storage size to increase venous return

73
Q

What is venous capacity

A

Amount of blood veins can hold

74
Q

What does venous capacity depend on

A

Distensibility of blood vessels and other pressures such as skeletal muscle pressing on it

75
Q

How is venous return regulated

A

Sympathetic innervation, gravity, respiratory activity, cardiac suction, skeletal muscle activity

76
Q

What does sympathetic innervation do to veins

A

Vein vasoconstriction
- increased flow from decreasing capacity (squeeze more blood already present)

Arteriole vasoconstriction
- decreased flow from increasing resistance

77
Q

How does skeletal muscle activity regulate venous return

A

Muscles contract = veins compressed = decreased venous capacity = increased venous pressure

78
Q

What is venous return like when lying down

A

Equal

79
Q

What does gravity do when standing up in terms of venous return

A

Vessels below heart subjected to gravity

Distensible veins yield under hydrostatic P

In leg, post capillary blood pools in extended veins
- decreased venous return = decreased cardiac output

80
Q

Lying down and stand up effect on venous return

A

Triggers sympathetic venous vasoconstrictions which drives blood forward but is interrupted by skeletal muscle pump

81
Q

What is the term used when someone stands up after lying down

A

postural hypotension

82
Q

Why do people faint after standing still for hours

A

Decreased blood flow to brain = decreasing circulating volume despite reflexes to maintain MAP = fainting in horizontal position

83
Q

What is the effect of gravity on valves

A

Valve stop blood from going backwards and minimize backflow

84
Q

What causes varicose veins

A

Incompetent venous valves aggravated by frequent long duration of standing and cannot support column of blood above it and collapses

85
Q

What is the sound heard when doing BP analysis

A

Korotkoff sound

86
Q

What are the types of hypertension

A

primary and secondary

87
Q

What are the complications of hypertension

A

progressive vision loss, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy

88
Q

What are the potential causes of hypertension

A

Excessive dietary salt and disturbance of renin-angiotensin system leading to increased blood volume

89
Q

What happens to baroreceptor for those with hypertension

A

Adapts to operate at a higher level

90
Q

How is BP regulated in short term

A

By baroreceptors

BP drops = baroreceptor detects it = transmits intel to cardiovascular control center = increased sympathetic and decrease parasympathetic stimulus = increased HR, SV, arteriole vasoconstriction (increased TPR), venous vasoconstriction (increased CO) = increased BP

91
Q

How is BP regulated in long term

A

Renin angiotensin system of kidney (less urine made)

Reabsorption of fluid by kidney to maintain salt and water

92
Q

Respiratory activity influence on venous return

A

External pressure gradient between lower veins (atm P) and chest veins (less than atm P)

93
Q

Cardiac suction effect on venous return

A

Ventricular contraction
- AV valves close but drawn downward = atrial cavity enlarges = atrial pressure temporarily drops below 0mmHg and sucks more blood into atria

Ventricular relaxation
- AV valves open = rapid expansion of ventricles = suction effect created = more blood sucked in

HSC1007 (18 decks)

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