Skin IV Flashcards

1
Q

describe the classification of Mycobacterium species

A
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2
Q

cutaneous TB can be caused by ____ which can lead to ___ and ____

A

cutaneous TB can be caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can cause tuberculosis verrucosa and lupus vulgaris

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3
Q

in mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, the bacteria survive inside ____ and cause _____

A

in mycobacterium avium - intracellulare complex, the bacteria survive inside macrophages and cause lymphadenitis

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4
Q

Mycobacterium kansasii causes chronic infection of ____ and causes fever, swollen ____ and lung ____ and ____

A

Mycobacterium kansasii causes chronic infection of the lungs and causes fever, swollen lymph nodes and lung crackles and wheezing

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5
Q

Mycobacterium marinum causes ____ granulomas and single ___ or ____ where a cut was that breaks down to form a crusty sore or abscess

A

Mycobacterium marinum causes fish tank granulomas and single lump or pustule where a cut was that breaks down to form a crusty sore or abscess

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6
Q

the optimal growth of Mycobacterium marinum occurs at ____ and the bacteria rarely causes ____

A

the optimal growth of Mycobacterium marinum occurs at low temperatures and the bacteria rarely causes lung disease

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7
Q

Mycobacterium ulcerans causes ____ and is commonly found in ____

A

Mycobacterium ulcerans causes Buruli ulcer and is commonly found in Central and West Africa around areas of lush vegetation and swamps

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8
Q

Mycobacterium ulcerans initially causes a ____ and after 1-2 months the ____ breaks down to form a ____

A

Mycobacterium ulcerans initially causes a nodule and after 1-2 months the nodule breaks down to form a shallow ulcer (Buruli ulcer)

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9
Q

Mycobacterium chelonae causes ____ wounds, ____ nodules or abscess and is a ___ grower on medium

A

Mycobacterium chelonae causes non-healing wounds, subcutaneous nodules or abscess and is a rapid grower on medium

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10
Q

M. chenloae are increasing in patients with ____

A

M. chenloae are increasing in patients with cystic fibrosis

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11
Q

name the 2 Mycobacterium species that are considered rapid growers

A
  • M. chenolae
  • M. fortuitum
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12
Q

M. fortuitum often infects ____ and ____

A

M. fortuitum often infects wounds and surgical-site infections

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13
Q

M. fortuitum can cause local ____ disease, ____, ____ infections, and ____ disease

A

M. fortuitum can cause local cutaneous disease, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and ocular disease

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14
Q

Mycobacterium spp. are stained with ___ on ____ medium

A

Mycobacterium spp. are stained with Ziehl Neelson on Lowenstein-Jensen medium

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15
Q

list the stages of Ziehl Neelson staining

A
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16
Q

Mycobacterium leprae is a ____-growing organism that multiples in ____ and ____

A

Mycobacterium leprae is a slow-growing organism that multiples in macrophages and Schwann cells

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17
Q

describe the clinical presentation of leprosy

A

anesthesia of skin lesions

peripheral nerve thickening and tenderness

change of pigmentation

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18
Q

in tuberculoid leprosy, there is ____ with ____ borders or a large ____-pigmented ____ which is asymmetrical

A

in tuberculoid leprosy, there is a large single red patch with well-defined borders or a large hypo-pigmented macula which is asymmetrical

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19
Q

in lepromatous leprosy, there are many ____ with extensive ____

A

in lepromatous leprosy, there are many erythematous macula, papules or nodules with extensive disfiguring skin lesions

20
Q

in tuberculoid leprosy (aka ____), there is a strong ____-mediated immunity, ____ in tissues with few bacilli and ____ infectivity

A

in tuberculoid leprosy (aka Paucibacillary Hansen disease), there is a strong cell-mediated immunity (TH1),granulomain tissues with few bacilli andlow infectivity

21
Q

in lepromatous leprosy (aka ____), there is a strong ____-mediated immunity, abundant ___ in skin and peripheral nerves and is _____

A

in lepromatous leprosy (aka Multibacillary Hansen disease), there is a strong humoral-mediated immunity, abundant bacilli in skin and peripheral nerves and is infectious

22
Q

transmission of leprosy is via ____ or ____

A

transmission of leprosy is via inhalation of infectious aerosols or skin contact with resp. secretions and wound exudates

23
Q

leprosy is endemic in ____ (animal)

A

leprosy is endemic in armadillos

24
Q

M. leprae cannot grow in ____

A

M. leprae cannot grow in cell-free cultures

25
Q

list the 3 characteristics of chronic disease caused by Actinomycosis

A
  • abscess formation
  • tissue fibrosis
  • draining sinus
26
Q

describe the characteristics of Actinomyces

A
27
Q

in Actinomycosis, the sinus tracts discharge purulent material containing ____

A

in Actinomycosis, the sinus tracts discharge purulent material containing sulfur granules

28
Q

list the risk factors for Actinomycosis

A
  • dental procedures
  • poor dental hygiene
  • usse of IUDs
29
Q

in about 50% of cases, the initial lesion in Actinomycosis is ____

A

in about 50% of cases, the initial lesion in Actinomycosis is cervicofacial (“lumpy jaw”)

30
Q

the traiditional treatment for Actinomycosis is ____ for prolonged periods of time along with ___ of diseased tissue

A

the traiditional treatment for Actinomycosis is high-dose antibiotics for prolonged periods of time along with surgical removal of diseased tissue

31
Q

death due to Rickettsia is ascribed to damage of ___, resulting in ____

A

death due to Rickettsia is ascribed to damage of endothelial cells, resulting in leakage of plasma, decrease in blood volume and shock

32
Q

2 stains that can be used for Rickettsia organisms are ____ and ____

A

2 stains that can be used for Rickettsia organisms are Maccchiavello stain and Giema stain

33
Q

in the ____ test, anti-rickettsial antibodies cross-react and agglutinate

A

in the Weil-Felix test, anti-rickettsial antibodies cross-react and agglutinate

34
Q

R. prowazekii is transmitted via ___ and causes acute ____

A

R. prowazekii is transmitted via lice and causes acute febrile illness

35
Q

in North America, the ____ is the reservoir for R. prowazekii

A

in North America, the flying squirrel is the reservoir for R. prowazekii

36
Q

contrast Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

A
37
Q

the pathogenesis of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) is that it blunts the ____ by suppressing production of ____ which leads to ____

A

the pathogenesis of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) is that it blunts the immune system by suppressing production of TNF-a which leads to opportunistic infections (e.g. candidiasis)

38
Q

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) has very similar symptoms to HME, except that in HGA, ___ is very rare

A

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) has very similar symptoms to HME, except that in HGA, rash is very rare

39
Q

___ are the main reservoir for L. interrogans (causes leptospirosis)

A

rats are the main reservoir for L. interrogans (causes leptospirosis)

40
Q

describe the clinical signs of Leptospirosis

A
  • sudden high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, vomiting
  • skin presentation = petechial rash that lasts less than 24 hours
41
Q

in Leptospirosis, the skin presentation is ____ which lasts ____

A

in Leptospirosis, the skin presentation is petechial rash which lasts less than 24 hours

42
Q

70% of patients with Lyme disease develop a ____ rash (____)

A

70% of patients with Lyme disease develop a bull’s eye rash (erythema migrans)

43
Q

Lyme disease has a complex ____-year cycle

A

Lyme disease has a complex 2-year cycle

44
Q

Lyme disease is a non-fatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics ___ and ____

A

Lyme disease is a non-fatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions

45
Q

if untreated, Lyme disease can progress to ___ and ____ symptoms with ____

A

if untreated, Lyme disease can progress to cardiac and neurological symptoms with polyarthritis