Nervous System IV Flashcards

1
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is the most common CNS infection in ____

A

Toxoplasma gondii is the most common CNS infection in HIV patients not receiving HAART

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2
Q

____ are seen on CT/MRI in patients with T. gondii infection

A

multiple CNS abscess-like ring-enhanced structures are seen on CT/MRI in patients with T. gondii infection

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3
Q

____ are the infective form of T. gondii

A

oocysts are the infective form of T. gondii

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4
Q

list the findings that suggest T. gondii diagnosis

A

CD4 count < 100

compatible clinical syndrome

positive T. gondii IgG antibody

brain imaging with ring-enhancing lesions

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5
Q

describe Botulism and Tetanus

A
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6
Q

Botulinum toxin binds to ____ blocking ____

A

Botulinum toxin binds to presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals blocking release of ACh

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7
Q

Tetanospasmin binds to ____, is internalized, and transported ____ and ultimately blocks ____

A

Tetanospasmin binds to presynaptic membrane of the NMJ, is internalized, and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord and ultimately blocks release of glycine and GABA

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8
Q

Botulism is associated with ___ paralysis, ____ and ____

while

Tetanus is associated with ____ paralysis

A

Botulism is associated with flaccid paralysis, ptosis and slurred speech

while

Tetanus is associated with spastic/rigid paralysis

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9
Q

describe the pathogenesis of Cladophialphora bantiana

A
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10
Q

Cladophilaphora bantiana has a ____ coloration due to presence of _____

A

Cladophilaphora bantiana has a golden-brown coloration due to presence of melanin pigment in spores and cell wall

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11
Q

Mycobacterium leprae causes damage to ____ by invading ____

A

Mycobacterium leprae causes damage to peripheral sensory nerves by invading Schwann cells, directly causing demyelination

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12
Q

the main feature of M. leprae is _____ lesions with/without which 3 symptoms?

A

the main feature of M. leprae is hypopigmented skin lesions with/without:

hypoesthesia

weakness

peripheral nerve thickening

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13
Q

list the top causes of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

S. aureus (adults)

S. pneumoniae

H. influenzae

M. catarrhalis

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14
Q

Adenovirus can cause epidemic _____, which leads to watery, non-purulent discharge from eyes

A

Adenovirus can cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), which leads to watery, non-purulent discharge from eyes

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15
Q

viral conjunctivitis is described as a ____ sensation

A

viral conjunctivitis is described as a “gritty” sensation

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16
Q

____ is a major cause of preventable blindness

A

C. trachomatis is a major cause of preventable blindness

17
Q

Trachoma (C. trachomatis) is caused by which serovars?

A

A, B, Ba and C

(D - K cause chlamydia)

18
Q

describe the 2 phases of Trachoma

A
  • active trachoma:
    • young children
    • mild, self-limited follicular conjunctivitis
  • cicatricial disease and blindness:
    • adults
    • repeated infection leads to conjunctival inflammation and eyelid scarring
    • ingrown eyelashes lead to edema, ulceration and scarring
19
Q

describe preseptal and postseptal (orbital) cellulitis

A
20
Q

describe the etiologies of preseptal vs. postseptal cellulitis

A
21
Q

preseptal cellulitis results from ____

A

preseptal cellulitis results from external ocular infection or skin break

22
Q

postseptal cellulitis results from ____

A

postseptal cellulitis results from extension of sinusitis, dental abscess, upper RTI

23
Q

list the etiologies of microbial keratitis

A
24
Q

____ is a filarial nematode that can lead to blindness and characteristic ____ swellings

A

Loiasis (Loa loa) is a filarial nematode that can lead to blindness and characteristic Calabar swellings

25
Q

list the sites of inflammation and infection for otitis:

externa (OE)

media (OM) % chronic suppurative (CSOM)

interna

labrynthitis

A
26
Q

____ is important for differentiation of the different forms of otitis infections

A
27
Q

describe the pathogenesis of otitis externa

A
28
Q

list the primary causes of otitis externa

A
29
Q

list the 3 risk factors for acute otitis media

A

bottle feeding

daycare

exposure to tobacco smoke

30
Q

describe how an upper viral RTI can lead to otitis media

A
31
Q

acute otitis media is primarily due to ____ and ____

A

acute otitis media is primarily due to S. pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae

32
Q

acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae is more likely to be (unilateral or bilateral?) and often with concurrent ____

A

acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae is more likely to be bilateral and often with concurrent conjunctivitis

33
Q

Labyrinthitis is caused by ____ infection

A

Labyrinthitis is caused by viral infection

34
Q

describe symptoms of labyrinthitis

A
35
Q

mastoiditis is often due to _____

A

mastoiditis is often due to untreated/unresolved otitis media

36
Q

“child presents with swelling of the earlobe, redness and tenderness behind the ear and bulging and drooping of the ear

dx?

A

mastoiditis

37
Q

mastoiditis is often due to untreated/unresolved _____

A

mastoiditis is often due to untreated/unresolved otitis media