Nervous System III Flashcards
Listeria monocytogenes is a (G+ve or G-ve?) rod that is (extracellular or intracellular)?
Listeria monocytogenes is a G+ve rod that is intracellular
is Listeria monocytogenes motile?
YES, described as having a “tumbling motility”
list the 3 main reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes
soil
water
decaying vegetation
L. monocytogenes is acquired via ____
L. monocytogenes is acquired via ingestion
which 2 populations does L. monocytogenes cause meningitis in?
elderly
capable of crossing placenta → neonatal meningitis
L. monocytogenes is capable of crossing ___ and therefore causing ____
L. monocytogenes is capable of crossing the placenta and therefore causing neonatal meningitis
Listeria is the only G+ve organism with ____
Listeria is the only G+ve organism with LPS
____ is a pore-forming cytotoxin produced by Listeria
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming cytotoxin produced by Listeria
why is Listeria protected from humoral immune response?
intracellular growth in macrophages and epithelial cells protects Listeria from humoral immune response
Listeriolysin O (LLO), along with PI-PLC, enables ____
Listeriolysin O (LLO), along with PI-PLC, enables escape of intracellular bacteria from endocytic vacuole
Listeriolysin O (LLO) + PI-PLC are responsible for ____ observed on blood agar
Listeriolysin O (LLO) + PI-PLC are responsible for B-hemolysis observed on blood agar
____, found in Listeria, enables cell invasion and spread by binding ___ allowing for induction of ____
internalins, found in Listeria, enables cell invasion and spread by binding cadherins allowing for induction of phagocytosis
____, found in Listeria, manipulates host cell actin to enable bacteria to move within and between cells
actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA), found in Listeria, manipulates host cell actin to enable bacteria to move within and between cells
the growth of Listeria occurs at what temperature?
refrigerator temperatures
once Listeria invades a new cell via the help of ____, it uses ____ to degrade the double cell membrane (one from the old cell where it left and one from the new cell where it entered)
once Listeria invades a new cell via the help of ActA (actin propellor), it uses LLO/PC-PLCto degrade the double cell membrane (one from the old cell where it left and one from the new cell where it entered)
the major virulence factor of H. influenzae is ____
the major virulence factor of H. influenzae is the capsule
what is the oxidase and catalase expression of H. influenzae?
oxidase and catalase POSITIVE
type ____ H. influenzae is associated with invasive disease, and the capsule is composed of ____
type b H. influenzae is associated with invasive disease, and the capsule is composed of polyribose phosphate (PRP)
____ is a risk factor for S. agalactiae infection in neonates
premature birth is a risk factor for S. agalactiae infection in neonates
describe the presentation of S. agalactiae when acquired at birth vs. in the nursery
a major pathogenic factor of S. agalactiae is its _____
a major pathogenic factor of S. agalactiae is its polysaccharide capsule
the polysaccharide capsule in S. agalactiae contains ____ residues
the polysaccharide capsule in S. agalactiae contains sialic acid residues
S. agalactiae evades the innate immune mechanism via prevention of activation of ____
S. agalactiae evades the innate immune mechanism via prevention of activation of activation of alternative complement pathway
E. coli can cause meningitis from ___ spread from systemic infections such as ____ (3)
E. coli can cause meningitis from hematogenous spread from systemic infections such as GI, resp., or urinary tracts
the ____ in E. coli allows for adhesion to epithelial cells
the S fimbriae in E. coli allows for adhesion to epithelial cells
80% of isolated E. coli from cases of neonatal meningitis possess the ____ antigen
80% of isolated E. coli from cases of neonatal meningitis possess the K1 antigen (polysaccharide capsule)
describe the Enteroviruses that can cause meningitis
____ are responsible for 85-95% of aseptic meningitis
Enterovirus are responsible for 85-95% of aseptic meningitis
Coccidiodes spp. is associated with travel to ____
Coccidiodes spp. is associated with travel to SW USA
chronic meningitis is defined as ____
chronic meningitis is defined as 4 weeks of symptoms with signs of inflammation in CSF
Poliovirus is part of the ____ family of viruses
Poliovirus is part of the Picornaviridae family of viruses
a non-specific, febrile form of polio is called ____
a non-specific, febrile form of polio is called abortive poliomyelitis
describe the biphasic pattern of paralytic poliomyelitis
- minor illness as per abortive polio that progresses to:
-
major illness
- meningitis → myalgias → weakness and asymmetric flaccid paralysis
- primary complication = respiratory compromise
the ____ vaccine for polio is used where there is no wild-type virus transmission
the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) aka Salk vaccine for polio is used where there is no wild-type virus transmission
_____ aka ____ is associated with a small risk of associated paralytic disease (Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio, VAPP)
live oral attenuated polio vaccine (OPV) aka Sabin vaccine is associated with a small risk of associated paralytic disease (Vaccine Associated Paralytic Polio, VAPP)
what is the classical triad of symptoms seen in brain abscesses?
fever, headache, altered mental status
describe the 4-stage model of formation of a brain abscess
brain abscesses caused by direct spread are associated with pathogens causing _____ and _____
brain abscesses caused by direct spread are associated with pathogens causing chronic otitis media and dental infection
brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread usually results in ____
brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread usually results in multiple abscesses located in distribution of MCA
brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread is associated with pathogens causing ____
brain abscesses caused by hematogenous spread is associated with pathogens causing skin, pelvic or intraabdominal infections or bacterial endocarditis
the main predisposing factor for brain abscesses seen in immunocompetent patients is _____
the main predisposing factor for brain abscesses seen in immunocompetent patients is contiguous focus of infection (e.g. paranasal sinusitis, extracranial infection, e.g. endocarditis)
brain abscesses in immunocompetent patients are caused by ____
brain abscesses in immunocompetent patients are caused by polymicrobial causes (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria)
70% of cases of bacterial brain abscesses are due to _____
70% of cases of bacterial brain abscesses are due to Streptococci
describe the diagnosis of brain abscesses
