Multisystem III: Flashcards
the vector for African Trypanosomiasis is the ____
the vector for African Trypanosomiasis is the Tsetse fly
describe the 2 types of T. brucei
the 1st stage of T. brucei infection is also called the ____ stage
the 1st stage of T. brucei infection is also called the Hemo-lymphatic stage
trypanosomes transform in subcutaneous tissues and multiply in blood and lymph; entails bouts of fever, headaches, joint pains and itching
the 2nd stage of T. brucei infection is also called the _____ stage
the 2nd stage of T. brucei infection is also called the neurological or meningo-encephalic stage
parasites cross the BBB to infect the CNS
a characteristic feature of the 2nd stage of T. brucei infection is ____
a characteristic feature of the 2nd stage of T. brucei infection is disturbance of the sleep cycle
the primary difference between T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense is that:
T. b. rhodesiense progresses ____
while
T. b. gambiense progresses ____
the primary difference between T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense is that:
T. b. rhodesiense progresses quickly (1st signs appear few weeks-months after infxn)
while
T. b. gambiense progresses slowly, with CNS involvement after 1-2 years
summarize the differences between T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense
Francisella tularensis is (G+ve/G-ve)
Francisella tularensis is G-ve
Francisella tularensis grows on media containing ___ and ___
Francisella tularensis grows on media containing Fe2+ and cysteine
Tularemia is also called “___ fever”
Tularemia is also called “rabbit fever”
humans acquire F. tularensis via what mode?
inhalation
(and also handling infected animals, like rabbits)
F. tularensis primarily infects ___ and then breaks out to invade other cells
F. tularensis primarily infects macrophages and then breaks out to invade other cells
a key feature of Tularemia is _____ which is also called ___ sign
a key feature of Tularemia is pulse-temperature dissociation which is also called Faget’s sign (fever + bradycardia)
____ inflammation and ____ develops at the injection site of F. tularensis
granulomatous inflammation and ulcerated lesions develop at the injection site of F. tularensis
Tularensis acquired via inhalation causes ____ inflammation of the airways (early disease) and some might develop _____
Tularensis acquired via inhalation causes hemorrhagic inflammation of the airways (early disease) and some might develop bronchopneumonia
____ is the most common presentation of Tularemia in the US
explain this
ulcero-glandular is the most common presentation of Tularemia in the US
- skin ulcers at the site of infxn
- painful, swollen draining lymph nodes (glandular fever)
the ___ form of Tularemia is the most severe
the pneumonic form of Tularemia is the most severe
the ____ test is used to diagnose Tularemia since it is rapid and specific
the direct fluorescent antibody test is used to diagnose Tularemia since it is rapid and specific
what is the shape and respiration requirement of Leptospira interrogans?
spirochete, obligate aerobe
L. interrogans multiply and damage the ____ resulting in mild, flu-like symptoms to major clinical syndromes, such as ____
L. interrogans multiply and damage the endothelium of small blood vessels resulting in mild, flu-like symptoms to major clinical syndromes, such as Weil Disease
in an L. interrogans infection, organisms are found in:
early stages = ____
late stages = _____
in an L. interrogans infection, organisms are found in:
early stages = CSF and blood
late stages = urine
L. interrogans causes ____, specifically in the _____ (muscle group)
L. interrogans causes myalgia, specifically in the calves (muscle group)
a pathognomonic finding in Leptospirosis is ____
a pathognomonic finding in Leptospirosis is conjunctival suffusion (redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates)
infection of Leptospirosis occurs through ___ or the ____
infection of Leptospirosis occurs through skin abrasions or the conjunctiva
____ is the gold standard for diagnosing Leptospirosis
microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the gold standard for diagnosing Leptospirosis
Brucella spp. infection causes ___ fevers
Brucella spp. infection causes undulating fevers
which Brucella species has the highest pathogenicity in humans?
B. melitensis
Brucellosis spp. infection is associated with ingesting ____
Brucellosis spp. infection is associated with ingesting unpasteurized/contaminated milk
which occupations are at highest risk of Brucellosis infection?
anyone in close contact with farm animals (cows, pigs, goats)
- farmer
- slaughterhouse worker (abbatoir)
- veterinarian
the ____ is the virulence marker for Brucella spp.
the O chain of the smooth LPS is the virulence marker for Brucella spp.
in an immune response against Brucella spp., the ___ response is ineffective and the ____ response is required
in an immune response against Brucella spp., the humoral response is ineffective and the T-cell response is required
Brucella spp. multiply within ____ by inhibiting ____ fusion
Brucella spp. multiply within macrophages by inhibiting lysosome-phagosome fusion
human disease of Brucellosis in the US is primarily caused by ____ and is due to ____
human disease of Brucellosis in the US is primarily caused by B. melitensis and is due to consumption of contaminated, unpasteurized milk and dairy products
which species of Brucella leads to abscess formation?
B. suis
list 5 clinical features of acute Brucellosis
high fever w/ drenching night sweat
swinging fever
lethargy
headache + MSK pain
scrotal pain
in a chronic Brucellosis infection:
chronic episodes of ___ may persist for months to years
in a chronic Brucellosis infection:
chronic episodes of nocturnal fever may persist for months to years
list other findings in chronic Brucellosis infection
sacroiliitis
depression
