HIV/AIDS I

Question 1

HIV is a group ___ virus; what is the shape of the virus?

Answer 1

HIV is a group VI virus; enveloped, spherical

Question 2

HIV has more ____ than simple retroviruses that code for ____

Answer 2

HIV has more ORFs than simple retroviruses that code for small proteins

Question 3

describe circulating recombinant form

Answer 3

different subtypes can combine genetic material to form hybrid virus

Question 4

____ is the glycoprotein on the HIV envelope that is used for attachment

Answer 4

gp120 is the glycoprotein on the HIV envelope that is used for attachment

Question 5

____ is the glycoprotein on the HIV envelope that is used for fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell

Answer 5

gp41 is the glycoprotein on the HIV envelope that is used for fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell

Question 6

____ forms the outer layer of the HIV virion core and detection in the blood indicates infection

Answer 6

p24 forms the outer layer of the HIV virion core and detection in the blood indicates infection

Question 7

list the genes that simple retroviruses encode

Answer 7

• Gag = group-specific antigen (core and capsid proteins)
• Pol = polymerase (reverse transcriptoase, protease and integrase)
• Env = envelope (glycoproteins)
• Pro = protease
• Int = integrase

Question 8

____ is the gene that is responsible for the progression of a patient from acute HIV to AIDS

Answer 8

nef is the gene that is responsible for the progression of a patient from acute HIV to AIDS

Question 9

describe the transmission of HIV

Answer 9

Question 10

____ reduces heterosexual transmission

Answer 10

male circumcision reduces heterosexual transmission

Question 11

HIV protease ____ long chains of ____ into ____

Answer 11

HIV protease cuts long chains of HIV proteins into smaller individual proteins

Question 12

in the HIV virus life cycle, maturation occurs when _____

Answer 12

in the HIV virus life cycle, maturation occurs when HIV protease cuts long chains of HIV proteins

Question 13

HIV binds to a ___ and ___ on the surface of a ____

Answer 13

HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and co-receptor on the surface of a CD4+ T lymphocyte

Question 14

____ is the co-receptor found on macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4 T cells

Answer 14

CCR5 is the co-receptor found on macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4 T cells

Question 15

___ is a co-receptor found only on CD4 T cells

Answer 15

CXCR4 is a co-receptor found only on CD4 T cells

Question 16

naive HIV infections use the ____ receptor which is also present on _____

Answer 16

naive HIV infections use the CCR5 receptor which is also present on macrophages

Question 17

____ converts ssRNA to dsDNA with random errors due to ____

Answer 17

reverse transcriptase converts ssRNA to dsDNA with random errors due to poor proofreading abilities

Question 18

integrated HIV DNA is called ____ which may remain ____ for several years, producing ____

Answer 18

integrated HIV DNA is called provirus which may remain inactive for several years, producing few/no new copies of HIV

Question 19

____ helps insert the HIV DNA within the host cell’s own DNA

Answer 19

HIV integrase helps insert the HIV DNA within the host cell’s own DNA

Question 20

____ cells accumulate the virus particles on their surface and carry the virus to ___ resulting in efficient infection of CD4 T cells

Answer 20

dendritic cells accumulate the virus particles on their surface and carry the virus to lymph nodes resulting in efficient infection of CD4 T cells

Question 21

there is ____ in gp120 which allows for evasion of antibody detection

Answer 21

there is antigenic drift in gp120 which allows for evasion of antibody detection

Question 22

what causes HIV to evade antibody detection?

Answer 22

direct cell-to-cell spread and syncytia formation

Question 23

how does HIV shield itself from the immune system and current antiretroviral drugs?

Answer 23

viral latency in resting T-cells and APCs

Question 24

multinucleated giant cells in the CNS appear to the result of ____ of HIV-infected ___ and ____

Answer 24

multinucleated giant cells in the CNS appear to the result of syncytial fusion of HIV-infected macrophages and microglia

Question 25

describe the course of HIV progression and AIDS

Answer 25

Question 26

when does HIV testing in pregnant women occur?

Answer 26

first trimester and third trimester if there is a high risk

Question 27

what test is used for HIV detection 11-12 days after infection?

Answer 27

HIV RNA test = measures level of HIV nucleic acid/RNA

Question 28

what test is used for HIV detection 14-15 days after infection?

Answer 28

p24 antigen test = measures level of HIV p24 core protein

Question 29

what test is used for HIV detection 3-8 weeks after infection?

Answer 29

ELISA for HIV antibodies = detects presence of HIV antibody; positive test confirmed by Western blot

Question 30

a positive Western blot test requires ____

Answer 30

a positive Western blot test requires 2 bands out of 3 to be positive:

p24

gp41

gp120/160

Question 31

in the diagnosis of HIV:
step 1 is ____

step 2 is ____

step 3 is ____

Answer 31

in the diagnosis of HIV:
step 1 is Ag/Ab immunoassay (ELISA)

step 2 is Ab-differentiation immunoassay (Western blot)

step 3 is NAT

Question 32

____ is suggestive of severity of infection, progression of disease and monitoring therapy

Answer 32

viral load is suggestive of severity of infection, progression of disease and monitoring therapy

Question 33

which 2 specific tests should be done during the initial HIV care visit?

Answer 33

• syphilis serology
• NAATs for gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 34

____ is used in treatment for HIV; which 2 criteria makes a treatment successful?

Answer 34

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used in treatment for HIV

• successful tx:
  
  • gradual recovery of CD4 T cell numbers
  • reduction in viral load