Skin Cancer Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of skin cancer
Keratinocytes skin cancer
Melanoma
What are the 2 types of keratinocytes skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the origin of basal cell carcinoma
Keratinocytes from basal level
What is the origin of squamous cell carincoma
Supra basal keratinocytes
What is the origin of melanoma
Melanocytes scattered of basal layer
What is benign collections of melanoma
Melanocytic moles or naevi
Can keratinocytes move
No
Can melanocytes move
Yes it can migrate into skin from the neural crest and are motile cells that move around - ie more likely to spread
Risk factors for skin cancer
Age UV exposure Bad burn as a kid!! Immunosuppressive Coal tar Smoking Ionising radiation, arsenic, trauma, chronic ulceration Scalp ringworm
What skin cancer prevention can you do
Avoid sun 11am - 3pm
Use shade whenever possible
Avoid sun beds
Tightly woven, loose fitting clothing ( dark)
Long sleeves, trousers, skirts
Broad spectrum ( 25+) with UVA protection
Apply twice, reapply after swimming / towelling
Keep an eye out
How to you stage melanoma
Tumour depth
Breslow thickness
What if the breslow thickness is <1mm
5 year survival is 95%
What if breslow thickness is >4mm
50 % 5 year survival
Metastasis - what’s the prognosis
5% in the next 5 years
How to diagnose melanoma
A - asymmetry B - border C - colour D - diameter E - evaluation
Ugly duckling sign
If you have atypical mole syndrome, what’s a red flag
Speed of change
What is the most common skin cancer
Keratinocytes
What is most common out of the 2 keratinocytes
BCC
Features of BCC
Slow growing lump Non healing ulcer Painless and often ignored History of bleeding Locally invasive but doesnt spread ROLLING EDGE, CENTRAL ULCERATION
Buzzword for BCC
Roiling edge, central ulceration
Treatment for BCC
Surgery
Features of SCC
Warty or crusted lump or ulcer
Arises on sun - damaged skin
Grows faster, may be painful and or bleed
Can metastasise
Features of nodular / nodulocystic BCC
Can see through it
What age does BCC happen
Younger patients < 40
What are the types of BCC
Nodular
Superfical
Infiltractive
Pigmented
What age does SCC happen
Elderly
What are the precursor lesions for SCC
Actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease ( carcinoma in situ )
What areas are at risk of SCC
Ear, lips and scalp
Where does SCC metastatic
Regional lymph nodes and bone
What is Bowen’s disease
Full thickness of epidermis
Conditions that are risk factors for skin cancer
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Occulocutranous albinism
Naevoid basal cell carincoma ( gorlin) syndrome
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa ( butterfly disease)
Features xeroderma pigmentosum
Defects in nucleotide excision repair issue
Features of xeroderma pigmentosum
Present as a baby - photosensitivity
Neurological generation
What is oculocutanous albinism
Congenital absence of melanin
Autosomal recessive
Absence or defect of tyrosinase
Lack of pigment in retina leads result in visual provoked
What are the visual defects in oculocutanous albinism
Photophobia
Nystagmus
Amblyobia
Features of gorlin syndrome
Autosomal dominant Early onset/ mutiple BCC Palmar pits Jaw cysts Ectopic calcification
How does butterfly disease happen
Lack collagen in basal layer
What sort of damage does UVB lead to
Direct DNA damage
What sort of damage does UVA produce
Indirect DNA damage
What does melanocortin 1 receptor do
Converts phaeomelanin to eumelanin
Determines balance of pigment in skin and hair
* eumelanin causes every colour but red (phaeomelanin does this)
What happens if MC1R turns defective
1 defective Copy - freckling
2 - red hair and freckles
What are the different types of melanocytic naevi
Usual type, dysplastic, spitz, blue
What is blue naevi
Melanocytes stuck in the dermis
What is halo naevi
Halo of depigmentatin as body is getting rid of naevi
Spitz naevi
In children or before 20
Mimic melanoma but most benign
What are the 4 types of melanoma
- Superfical spreading - trunk and limb
- Acral / mucosal lentiginous acral and mucosal
- Lentigo maligna - sun damaged face / neck and scalp
- Nodular - varied sites but often trunk
What’s another word for seborrheic keratosis
Age spot
What are buzz words for seborrheic keratosis
Stuck on appearance
3 types of BCC
Nodular
Superfical
Infiltrative
Where are Bowen’s normally found
Lower leg
Where are acintic keratosis found
Skin exposed skin
What actinic keratosis full thickness
No - partial
Bowen’s is
What is a dermatofibroma
Hard stone in skin Very common Ryan Benign Do nothing or remove for cosmetics
What are morgellons
They believe they have a certain condition
What is prurigo simplex
Itchy for no physical reason - more emotional
