Skin Cancer Flashcards by Anna Skelton

What are the 2 main types of skin cancer

Keratinocytes skin cancer

Melanoma

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What are the 2 types of keratinocytes skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

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What is the origin of basal cell carcinoma

Keratinocytes from basal level

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What is the origin of squamous cell carincoma

Supra basal keratinocytes

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What is the origin of melanoma

Melanocytes scattered of basal layer

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What is benign collections of melanoma

Melanocytic moles or naevi

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Can keratinocytes move

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Can melanocytes move

Yes it can migrate into skin from the neural crest and are motile cells that move around - ie more likely to spread

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Risk factors for skin cancer

Age
UV exposure 
Bad burn as a kid!!
Immunosuppressive
Coal tar
Smoking 
Ionising radiation, arsenic, trauma, chronic ulceration 
Scalp ringworm

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What skin cancer prevention can you do

Avoid sun 11am - 3pm
Use shade whenever possible
Avoid sun beds
Tightly woven, loose fitting clothing ( dark)
Long sleeves, trousers, skirts
Broad spectrum ( 25+) with UVA protection
Apply twice, reapply after swimming / towelling
Keep an eye out

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How to you stage melanoma

Tumour depth

Breslow thickness

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What if the breslow thickness is <1mm

5 year survival is 95%

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What if breslow thickness is >4mm

50 % 5 year survival

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Metastasis - what’s the prognosis

5% in the next 5 years

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How to diagnose melanoma

A - asymmetry 
B - border 
C - colour 
D - diameter
E - evaluation

Ugly duckling sign

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If you have atypical mole syndrome, what’s a red flag

Speed of change

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What is the most common skin cancer

Keratinocytes

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What is most common out of the 2 keratinocytes

BCC

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Features of BCC

Slow growing lump
Non healing ulcer
Painless and often ignored 
History of bleeding 
Locally invasive but doesnt spread 
ROLLING EDGE, CENTRAL ULCERATION

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Buzzword for BCC

Roiling edge, central ulceration

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Treatment for BCC

Surgery

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Features of SCC

Warty or crusted lump or ulcer
Arises on sun - damaged skin
Grows faster, may be painful and or bleed
Can metastasise

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Features of nodular / nodulocystic BCC

Can see through it

What age does BCC happen

Younger patients < 40

What are the types of BCC

Nodular Superfical Infiltractive Pigmented

What age does SCC happen

Elderly

What are the precursor lesions for SCC

Actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease ( carcinoma in situ )

What areas are at risk of SCC

Ear, lips and scalp

Where does SCC metastatic

Regional lymph nodes and bone

What is Bowen’s disease

Full thickness of epidermis

Conditions that are risk factors for skin cancer

Xeroderma pigmentosum Occulocutranous albinism Naevoid basal cell carincoma ( gorlin) syndrome Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa ( butterfly disease)

Features xeroderma pigmentosum

Defects in nucleotide excision repair issue

Features of xeroderma pigmentosum

Present as a baby - photosensitivity | Neurological generation

What is oculocutanous albinism

Congenital absence of melanin Autosomal recessive Absence or defect of tyrosinase Lack of pigment in retina leads result in visual provoked

What are the visual defects in oculocutanous albinism

Photophobia Nystagmus Amblyobia

Features of gorlin syndrome

``` Autosomal dominant Early onset/ mutiple BCC Palmar pits Jaw cysts Ectopic calcification ```

How does butterfly disease happen

Lack collagen in basal layer

What sort of damage does UVB lead to

Direct DNA damage

What sort of damage does UVA produce

Indirect DNA damage

What does melanocortin 1 receptor do

Converts phaeomelanin to eumelanin Determines balance of pigment in skin and hair * eumelanin causes every colour but red (phaeomelanin does this)

What happens if MC1R turns defective

1 defective Copy - freckling | 2 - red hair and freckles

What are the different types of melanocytic naevi

Usual type, dysplastic, spitz, blue

What is blue naevi

Melanocytes stuck in the dermis

What is halo naevi

Halo of depigmentatin as body is getting rid of naevi

Spitz naevi

In children or before 20 | Mimic melanoma but most benign

What are the 4 types of melanoma

1. Superfical spreading - trunk and limb 2. Acral / mucosal lentiginous acral and mucosal 3. Lentigo maligna - sun damaged face / neck and scalp 4. Nodular - varied sites but often trunk

What’s another word for seborrheic keratosis

Age spot

What are buzz words for seborrheic keratosis

Stuck on appearance

3 types of BCC

Nodular Superfical Infiltrative

Where are Bowen’s normally found

Lower leg

Where are acintic keratosis found

Skin exposed skin

What actinic keratosis full thickness

No - partial | Bowen’s is

What is a dermatofibroma

``` Hard stone in skin Very common Ryan Benign Do nothing or remove for cosmetics ```

What are morgellons

They believe they have a certain condition

What is prurigo simplex

Itchy for no physical reason - more emotional