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Biol 1410 > Skeleton & Bone structure/composition > Flashcards

Skeleton & Bone structure/composition Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

feet, face, and palms forward

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2
Q

2 divisions if skeletal system

A

axial (down the midline of the body)

appendicular

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3
Q

Axial skeleton consists of

A

80 bones total

  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of

A

126 bones total

  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
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5
Q

3 main bone groupings in the skull

A
  • cranium (8 bones)
  • facial bones (14 bones)
  • auditory ossicles (6 bones)
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6
Q

Bones in the cranium

A
  • frontal
  • 2 parietal
  • 2 temporal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • occipital
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7
Q

Bones of the facial bones

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillae (upper jaw)
  • 2 zygomatic (eye socket and cheekbone)
  • 2 lacrimal (side of nose and eye socket)
  • 2 palatine (in the pallet)
  • 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  • 1 vomer (behind the pallet)
  • 1 mandible (lower jaw)
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8
Q

Bones in the auditory ossicles (middle ear)

A
  • 2 incus
  • 2 malleus
  • 2 stapes
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9
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • no articulations
  • attaches muscle of tongue and neck.
  • assists in swallowing
  • horn shaped
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10
Q

Vertebral column divided into 5 regions

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (1)
  • coccyx (1)
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11
Q

Body of vertebral structure

A

thick and located anterior end

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12
Q

Spinous process of vertebral structure

A

median posterior projection (1), attachment site for muscles and ligament

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13
Q

Transverse process of vertebral structure

A

lateral bony projections for muscle attachment (2)

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14
Q

Vertebral foramen of vertebral structure

A

hole for spinal cord which lines up to form a canal

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15
Q

Superior and inferior articular facets of vertebral structure

A

attachment sites with vertebrae above and below

contain smooth surfaces formed from hyaline cartilage (facets)

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16
Q

Cervical region vertebrae

A 
7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
-smallest lightest weight vertebrae
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17
Q

C1 vertebrae

A

atlas

  • no body or spinous process
  • articulates superiorly w/ occipital condyle
  • allows nodding “yes” motion
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18
Q

C2 vertebrae

A

axis

  • contains knoblike process called dens (=odontoid process)
  • pivot joint around which atlas swivels
  • allows shaking “no” motion
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19
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae(T1-T12)

  • ALL articulate posteriorly with ribs via facets
  • thoracic vertebrae increase in size from first to last
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20
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

  • support upper body weight.
  • ALL have larger bodies and rectangular spinous processes
  • referred to as small of the back
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21
Q

Sacrum vertebrae

A

5 fused vertebrae,

  • articulates with ilium (pelvis) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
  • contain intervertebral foramina (exit site for nerves)
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22
Q

Coccyx vertebrae

A

3-5 fused vertebrae (usually 4)

-known as tailbone

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23
Q

Curvature of spinal column

A
  • cervical and lumbar concave posteriorly. looks like )

- thoracic and sacrum convex posteriorly looks like (

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24
Q

3 Abnormal curvatures

A
  • scoliosis
  • kyphosis
  • lordosis
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25
Q

Scoliosis

A

spinal column curves laterally (on side dips down)

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26
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curve. can be caused by osteoporosis (hunchback)

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27
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curve (can be caused by pregnancy/potbelly) (swayback)

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28
Q

Thoracic cage consists of

A

sternum and ribs

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29
Q

Sternums (breast bone) 3 parts:

A
  • manubrium (superior)
  • body (middle)
  • xiphoid process (inferior)
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30
Q

Ribs

A

12 total pairs that articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

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31
Q

True ribs

A

7 pairs

attach directly to sternum via costal (hyaline) cartilage

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32
Q

False ribs

A

5 pairs
(8-10) attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage
(11 and 12) floating ribs don’t attack to sternum (embedded in muscle)

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33
Q

Pectoral girdle consists of..

A
  • clavicle

- scapula

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34
Q

Clavicle

A

(collarbone)

  • articulates with sternum and scapula.
  • connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
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35
Q

Scapula consists of

A
  • acromion process
  • glenoid fossa/cavity
  • coracoid proces
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36
Q

Acromion process articulates with ..

A

clavicle

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37
Q

Glenoid fossa/cavity articulates with ..

A

head of humerus

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38
Q

Coracoid process attaches ..

A

muscles for arm and chest

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39
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

composed of 2 os coxa

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40
Q

Os coxa composed of..

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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41
Q

Ilium articulates ..

A

with the sacrum at iliac crest

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42
Q

Ischium

A
  • bears weight of body while sitting

- most inferior surface is called ischial tuberosity

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43
Q

Pubis

A

Left and right side joined by pubic symphysis (cartilaginous disk)

44
Q

Joints in the pelvic girdle

A
  • pubic symphysis (joins pubic bones with cartilage)
  • sacroiliac joint ( synovial joint)
  • acetabulum
45
Q

Acetabulum

A

socket that articulates with head of femur (hip bone)

-synovial joint (ball and socket)

46
Q

Upper limb (arm) consists of..

A
  • humerus
  • radius/ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
47
Q

Carpals

A

wrist bones (8 per arm) (2 rows per wrist)

48
Q

Metacarpals

A

palm (5 per arm)

49
Q

Phalanges

A

fingers/digits (14 per arm)

50
Q

Lower limb consists of ..

A
  • femur
  • patella (knee cap)
  • tibia/fibula
  • tarsals (ankle)
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
51
Q

Tarsals

A

(7 per leg) talus- articulates with tibia

-calcaneus (heel bone)

52
Q

Metatarsals

A

(5 per leg) sole of foot

53
Q

Phanlanges (foot)

A

(14 per leg) toes/digits

54
Q

Long bone composed of :

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plate
  • epiphyseal line
  • medullary cavity
  • periosteum membrane
  • endosteum
  • articular cartilage
55
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft/body of bone. composed of compact bone

56
Q

Epiphysis

A

proximal and distal entities

57
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage,
used for bone growth in length
(bone growth is called endochondral ossification)

58
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

replaces plate with bone when growth completed

where diaphysis and epiphyses meet

59
Q

Periosteum membrane

A
  • external surface
  • allows bone to grow in diameter
  • double membrane of CT that covers everything besides joint
  • outer = dense irregular
  • inner = osteogenic (mainly osteoblasts+ osteoclasts)
60
Q

Medullary cavity

A

red marrow in child, yellow in adult
contains fat
lined with endosteum

61
Q

Endosteum

A
  • very delicate connective tissue
  • lines internal surfaces of cavity and canals
  • contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • prevents friction between bones
  • found on epiphyseal surfaces of long bones
63
Q

Bone consists of..

A

cells and matrix

64
Q

Bone osteoprogenitor cells give rise to ..

A
  • osteoblasts (build matrix)
  • osteocytes (maintain matrix)
  • osteoclasts (breakdown and reabsorb matrix)
65
Q

The cells of the bone are separated by a matrix that consists of..

A
  • ground substance (hydroxyapetite crystals for strength)
  • collagen fibres (flexibility)
  • water
66
Q

2 types of bone:

A
  • compact

- spongy

67
Q

Compact bone

A

covers the external surfaces of ALL bones

68
Q

Compact bone structure composed of..

A

individual structural units called osteons or haversian systems

69
Q

Osteons composed of..

A
  • Lamellae
  • Osteocytes (found in lacunae)
  • Canaliculi
  • Haversian canals
  • Volkmanns canals
70
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric circles of matrix. osteocytes present between the lamellae

71
Q

Lacunae

A

between lamellae, space within matrix where osteocytes live

72
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supple to each other

73
Q

Haversian canals

A

contain blood vessels and nerves, lined with endosteum

74
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

found at a right angle to haversian canal, caries blood supply from periosteum to haversian canals and medullary cavity

75
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • not organized into osteons

- plates of bone are called trabeculae

76
Q

Spongy bone found in..

A
  • in the epiphyses of long bone

- in flat bones such as the skull and the ribs

77
Q

Hyaline cartilage structure

A
  • chondrocytes in lacunae
  • matrix (water, collagen fibres, ground substance)
  • avascular tissue
78
Q

Articulations/joints

A

point of contact between 2 or more bones

79
Q

2 classes of articulations/joints

A

structure and function

80
Q

Structural classification is based on

A
  • presence/absence of joint cavity

- type of tissue connecting two bones

81
Q

Types of structural joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
82
Q

Fibrous joint

A

no joint cavity
fibrous CT
ex: sutures of the skull

83
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

no joint cavity
composed of cartilage
ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks

84
Q

Synovial examples

A

shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

85
Q

Synovial joints contain …

A

-joint cavity (contains fluid)
-bones are held together by a joint cavity and ligaments
(all diarthoritic joints are synovial joints)

86
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage located on the ends of the bone

- Reduces friction

87
Q

Joint capsule

A
  • Contains an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum
  • An inner synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
88
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • plane/gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • ball and socket
89
Q

Plane/gliding joint

A 
flat surfaces (sacroiliac joint) 
amphiarthrotic
90
Q

Hinge joint

A

concave/convex surfaces (knee)

diarthrotic

91
Q

Pivot joint

A

projection in ring (dens in atlas)

amphiarthrotic

92
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

great freedom of movement (femur and acetabulum, which is hip)
diarthrotic

93
Q

Functional classification

A

based on degree of movement

94
Q

Types of functional joints

A
  • synarthotic
  • amphiarthrotic
  • diarthrotic
95
Q

Syntharotic joint

A

immovable (skull)

96
Q

Amphiarthrotic joint

A

slightly moveable (pubic symphysis)

97
Q

Diarthrotic joint

A

freely moveable (shoulder, elbow, knee)

98
Q

What is anterior direction and posterior

A
  • anterior is to the front

- posterior is to the back

99
Q

C3 to C7

A

distinguishing feature found on all of these vertebrae is the transverse forming (opening in the transverse process where artless pass to service brain)

100
Q

Anatomical position of upper and lower limbs for medial bones

A
  • Ulna
  • Tibia
  • Bones of the big toe
  • Bones of the little finger (PALMS FACING UP)
101
Q

Anatomical position of upper and lower limbs for lateral bones

A
  • Radius (in line with the thumb)

- Fibula (in line with the bones of the little toe)

102
Q

Long bones include..

A
  • humerus
  • radias
  • unla
  • fibula
  • tibia
  • femur
103
Q

2 primary tissue of skeletal system

A
  • bone

- cartilage

104
Q

Trabeculae are//

A

irregularly arranged lamellae contain osteocytes

osteocytes are located in lacunae and connected by canaliculi

105
Q

The spaces of the spongey bone contain ..

A

red bone marrow and produce blood cells (provides supply to developing osteocytes)

106
Q

All synovial joints contain

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • joint capsule

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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