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Biol 1410 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function

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3
Q

4 major tissue types

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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4
Q

Membrane junctions

A

points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells

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5
Q

3 types of membrane junctions

A
  • tight
  • Desmosomes
  • gap
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6
Q

Tight junctions

A

Protein molecules in the cell membrane fuse together. Serve to prevent substances from passing in between cell

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7
Q

Desmosomes junctions

A

Loose attachments, Use linker proteins to join adjacent cells

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8
Q

Gap junctions

A
  • Protein channels that connect adjacent cells
  • Allow direct communication between cells
  • Allow substances to pass from the inside of one cell to the inside of another
  • Extremely important in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells
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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Found on all of the body surfaces and lines all of the body cavities

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

connecting tissue

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11
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contractile tissue

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

signalling tissue

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13
Q

Characteristics of epithelial

A
  • one free membrane that sits on top of a basement membrane
  • held together by tight junctions
  • avascular (lacks blood vessels
  • reproduce via mitotic division
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14
Q

basement membrane

A

extracellular layer, attaches epithelium to underlying CT layer

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15
Q

Number of cell layers of epithelial

A
  • simple
  • stratified
  • pseudo stratified
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16
Q

Simple epithelial

A

A single cell layer with one free surface, that sits atop a basement membrane

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17
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Several cell layers with one free surface.

the basal/bottom-most layer sits atop a basement membrane

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18
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium:

A

Appears as more than one layer but all cells really do sit on top of the same basement membrane –> a single cell layer

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19
Q

Squamous

A

Irregularly shaped, scale-like cells

Found on the outer surfaces of the skin –> resist abrasion

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20
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube-shaped cells

Specialized for secretion and absorption

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21
Q

Columnar

A

Column-shaped cells

Specialized for secretion and absorption

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22
Q

Cell shape of epithelial

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • transitional
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23
Q

Transitional

A

Stratified cell layer but the appearance varies with stretching (bladder)

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24
Q

Epithelial tissue classification

A

Layer and shape are classified together

Example: stratified squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal

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25
Q

Glandular epithelial

A

Epithelial tissue of the glandular subtype

-Adapted for secretion

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26
Q

Glandular epithelial subtypes

A
  • exocrine gland

- endocrine gland

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27
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete products onto surface or cavity

28
Q

exocrine glands can be..

A
  • single celled (goblet cells) (Secrete mucous into a cavity)
  • multicellular (secretory and duct cells) (ex: Sudoriferous glands, Sebaceous glands, and salivary glands)
29
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts
Secretions are called hormones
Release hormones directly into blood
Example: thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone

30
Q

Functions of epithelial

A
  • protection (stratified squamous)
  • secretion (glandular epithelium )
  • control of permeability (exchange of material, simple epithelia)
31
Q

Connective tissue consist of cells..

A

that are separated from one another by a matrix

32
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM) of CT

A

surrounds the cells of the connective tissue

provides the connective tissue with its characteristics

33
Q

CT cell types

A

cell name ending in:

  • Blast: form and secrete the matrix
  • Cyte: maintain the matrix
  • Clast: break down the matrix
34
Q

Matrix composition

A

proteins fibers, ground substance, and water

35
Q

Protein fibers are..

A
  • collagen (strength)

- elastic (elastin, allow stretch and recoil)

36
Q

Ground substance

A

unstructured material located between the cells
contains fibers
Example: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

37
Q

Three primary characteristics of connective tissue include:

A

1: Highly vascular with some exceptions (Cartilage is an avascular connective tissue)
2: A lot of extracellular matrix (Keeps the cells far apart from one another)
3: Primary function is to support and connect the tissues in the body

38
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  • Connective Tissue Proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
39
Q

types of CT proper cells

A

loose and dense

40
Q

2 type of Loose CT

A

areolar and adipose

41
Q

Areolar CT

A

loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres, surrounded by ground substance. highly vascular

42
Q

Adipose CT

A

very little matrix,
large calls (adipocytes/store fat triglyceride),
look like chicken wire,
highly vascular
Functions in shock absorption, insulation and energy storage

43
Q

2 types of dense CT

A

dense regular and dense irregular

44
Q

Dense irregular

A

composed of fibroblast cells
very little matrix
composed of bundles of collagen fibers
Fibers are larger and run in more than one direction
Found in areas of the body where there is pull in more than one direction
Example: the dermis of the skin

45
Q

Dense regular

A 
Cells are fibroblasts
Very little ground substance
Bundles of collagen fibers packed very close together
All run in the same direction
Poor vasculature
Forms tendons
Serve to attach muscle to bone
46
Q

Cartilage cells

A

are called chondrocytes and found inside of compartments called lacunae, avascular

47
Q

Cartilage matrix formed of..

A
  • tightly bound collagen fibers
  • ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
  • water (80%)
48
Q

Bone cells are called

A

osteocytes and located in organized structures called lacunae and highly vascular

49
Q

Bone matrix formed of..

A
  • Densely packed collagen fibers
  • Inorganic calcium and phosphate salts —>collectively called hydroxyapetite crystals
  • Water
50
Q

Blood cells are..

A

red blood cells and white blood cells

51
Q

Blood matrix formed of..

A

plasma

52
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contractile (can shorten and lengthen)

53
Q

3 subtypes of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
54
Q

Nervous tissues cell types

A
  • neurone: conduct electrical impulses.

- glial cells: support and protect neurons

55
Q

2 types of bone

A

spongey and compact

56
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated

Used for voluntary movemen

57
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Found in the heart
Involuntary movement

58
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated
Found in areas that are required to stretch (esophagus, bladder, uterus)
Involuntary movement

59
Q

Membranes

A

Composed of two or more tissues therefore membranes are very simple organs
Form continuous multi-cellular sheets

60
Q

3 types of membranes

A
  1. Mucous membranes: mucosa
  2. Serous membranes: serosa
  3. Cutaneous membranes: skin
61
Q

Mucous membrane

A

line cavities that open to the outside of the body (Example: reproductive tract, respiratory tract, digestive tract)

62
Q

Whats present in mucous membrane

A
  • epithelial layer (Can be simple squamous or pseudostratified)
  • connective tissue layer (Always areolar and Called the lamina proper when part of the mucous membrane)
63
Q

Serous membranes

A

line cavities that do not open to the outside of the body (Example: thoracic cavity (chest cavity), abdominal cavity) Covers the organs that are located within these cavities

64
Q

Serous double membrane composed of

A

of epithelial and connective tissues

  • The visceral layer covers the organs
  • The parietal layer is against the wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiy
65
Q

The pericardium surrounds the.. and what layers touch what surfaces

A

heart
Visceral layer contacts the heart surface
parietal layer contacts the mediastinum

66
Q

The pleura surrounds the.. and what layers touch what surfaces

A

lungs
Visceral layer contacts the lung surface
parietal layer contact the thoracic cavity wall

67
Q

The peritoneum surrounds the.. and what layers touch what surfaces

A

the abdominal cavity and the viscera
Visceral layer contacts the viscera
parietal layer contacts the abdominal cavity wall

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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