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Biol 1410 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of reproductive system

A
  • gonads
  • ducts
  • accessory glands
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2
Q

Gonads

A

(testes/ovaries) produce gametes and hormones

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3
Q

Ducts

A

transport and store gametes

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4
Q

Accessory glands

A

produce secretions that support gametes

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5
Q

Male reproductive system composed of

A
  • testes
  • ducts
  • penis
  • accessory glands
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6
Q

Testes (gonads) located

A

within the scrotum (skin and CT)

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7
Q

Testes surrounded by 2 layers

A
  • tunica vaginalis

- tunica albuginae

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8
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

outer serous membrane

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9
Q

Tunica albuginae

A

inner fibrous CT capsule, extends inward to divided testis into lobules (250-300 lobules)

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10
Q

Each lobule of testes contains

A
  • seminiferous tubules

- leydig cells

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11
Q

Seminiferous tubules are the site of..

A

sperm production

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12
Q

Seminiferous tubules unit to form

A

rete testis (tubules sperm must pass through to exit)

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13
Q

Seminiferous tubule walls contain

A
  • germ cells (gametes in various stages of development)

- seratoli cells (sustenocytes)

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14
Q

Seratoli cells

A

located between the germ cells and support and nourish sperm cells

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15
Q

Seratoli cells extend from ________ to _______

A

basement membrane; lumen of tubule

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16
Q

Sertoli cells have ____ junctions which…

A

tight; forms good testis barrier which protects sperm from immune system, toxins, etc

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17
Q

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

A

in CT between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone (endocrine tissue)

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18
Q

Ducts of the male reproductive system

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
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19
Q

Epididymis duct

A

posterior border of testis, store sperm and sperm mature here

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20
Q

Vas (ductus) deferens

A

enters pelvic cavity, loops over posterior bladder

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21
Q

Vasectomy

A

vas deferent cut and tied off (sperm still produced but broken down by macrophages)

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22
Q

3 segments of the male urethra

A
  • prostate portion
  • membranous portion (through urogenital diaphragm)
  • penile portion (opens to glans penis)
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23
Q

3 sections of the penis

A
  • root
  • shaft
  • glans penis (enlarged tip)
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24
Q

Erectile tissue consists of

A
  • 2 corpora cavernosa

- 1 corpus spongiosum (on the glans penis)

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25
Q

Accessory glands of penis is where 95% of..

A

semen comes through

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26
Q

3 accessory glands of penis are

A
  • seminal vesicles (2)
  • prostate gland (1)
  • bulbourethral (cooper’s gland) (2)
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27
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

paired glands found at base of bladder, secretes seminal fluid (alkaline fluid) and contains fructose for energy source of sperm (60% semen)

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28
Q

Prostate gland

A

singular gland encircles the urethra, secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid. contains enzymes and nutrients needed to feed sperm (30% semen)

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29
Q

Bulbourethral (cooper’s gland)

A

paired gland in urogenital diaphragm, produces a fluid which neutralizes urine in urethra. (5% of semen)

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30
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

sperm production within seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

Spermiogensis

A

differentiation of spermatids, develop flagella and acrosomes, lose most cytoplasm

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32
Q

Spermatozoa structure

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
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33
Q

Head of spermatozoa

A

contains haploid sperm cell nucleus (23 chromosome) and contain acrosome

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34
Q

Acrosome

A

contains enzyme that assist in penetration of egg during fertilization

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35
Q

Body of spermatozoa

A

large number of mitochondria to produce ATP for movement

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36
Q

Tail

A

(flagellum) propel sperm, made of microtubules

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37
Q

Semen consists of

A

sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secreteions

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38
Q

Semen

A

acts as a transport medium, nutrients and protection sperm. slightly alkaline (pH is 7.3-7.7)

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39
Q

Female reproductive system composed of

A
  • ovaries
  • uterine
  • uterus
  • vagina
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40
Q

Ovaries

A

(gonads) located in pelvic cavity on sides of uterus

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41
Q

4 layers of ovaries

A
  • superficial/germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal)
  • tunica albuginea (dense irregular CT)
  • ovarian cortex
  • ovarian medulla
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42
Q

Ovarian cortex contains

A

ovarian follicles and CT, follicles = layers of cells surrounding immature egg

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43
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

centre area. blood and lymph vessels, nerves and CT

44
Q

Membranes that support the ovary include

A
  • ovarian ligament
  • suspensory ligament
  • mesovarium
45
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

to uterus

46
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

to pelvic wall

47
Q

Mesovarium

A

suspends the ovary between the uterus and pelvic wall

48
Q

Suspensory and mesovarium =

A

broad ligament. tents over the uterus supporting the uterine tubes, uterus and vagina (from parietal peritoneum)

49
Q

3 sections of uterine (fallopian) tubes

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
50
Q

Infundibulum

A

suspended over ovary, has finger like projections (fimbriae)

51
Q

Ampulla

A

middle, fertilization occurs here

52
Q

Isthmus

A

connects to uterus

53
Q

Histology of uterine tubes

A
  • mucosa
  • muscilaris externa
  • serous membrane
54
Q

Mucosa of uterine tubes

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium, cilia moves oocyte along. also contains non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells (peg cells) which have microvilli that secretes nutrient fluid

55
Q

Muscularis externa of uterine tubes

A

smooth muscle that help movement (rhythmic contractions)

56
Q

Serous membrane of uterine tubes

A

visceral peritoneum. adventitia

57
Q

Uterus is a ____ organ

A

hollow

58
Q

3 parts of the uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
59
Q

Fundus of uterus

A

higher than the fallopian tubes

60
Q

Body of uterus

A

Main portion, has space within (uterine cavity)

61
Q

Cervix of uterus

A

inferior, narrow portion that opens into the vagina

62
Q

Supportive membranes of the uterus

A
  • broad ligaments (parietal peritoneum. suspends uterus laterally)
  • round ligaments
  • uterosacral ligaments
63
Q

Round ligaments

A

fibrous CT, attach uterus to anterior wall

64
Q

Uterosacral ligaments

A

peritoneum, attach to sacrum

65
Q

3 layers of histology of uterus

A
  • outer peritoneum
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
66
Q

Peritoneum of uterus

A

outer layer, visceral peritoneum (simple squamous epithelium). serous membrane

67
Q

Myometrium of uterus

A

3 layers smooth muscle (muscularis externa)

68
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A

mucous membrane, contains endometrial glands and thick lamina propria CT. simple columnar epithelium

69
Q

2 layers of endometrium of uterus

A
  • stratum functionalis

- stratum basalis

70
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

nearest to the uterine cavity, shed monthly (menstruation)

71
Q

Stratum basalis

A

permanent, undegoes mitosis to replace functionalis (mitosis)

72
Q

Vagina functions as..

A

birth canal, passageway for sperm and menstrual flow

73
Q

Histology of vagina

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia
74
Q

Mucosa of vagina

A

stratified squamous epithelium and CT, rugae to stimulate the penis and allow for expansion of vaginal cavity

75
Q

Muscularis external of vagina

A

2 layers of smooth muscle. stretched during childbirth and sex

76
Q

Adventitia of vagina

A

areolar CT layer

77
Q

Oogenesis

A

female gamete production within ovarian follicles

78
Q

1 primary oocyte forms..

A

1 ovum and 2 polar bodies

79
Q

Polar bodies

A

discarded nuclear material

80
Q

1st oogonia appears in females 11 weeks post fertilization

A

undergo mitosis (2n cells) and differentiate into primary oocytes (2n cells)

81
Q

Total number of oocytes present in females

A

2 million primary ones at birth in the ovaries and new ones are never formed

82
Q

Primary oocytes surrounded by

A

a follicle which protects and supports

83
Q

Primary oocyte enter into meiosis 1 and ..

A

wait in prophase 1 until puberty, then one will undergo meiosis 1 per month ( produces 1 secondary oocyte and one polar body) FSH needed for this development

84
Q

Secondary oocytes (n)

A

begin meiosis 11 and stop in metaphase 11 which is what’s released during ovulation each month (enough for 500 ovulations in a lifetime)

85
Q

Fertilization

A
  • takes 24 hours
  • begins w fusion of sperm and secondary oocyte
  • once fusion occurs the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 11 forming the ovum
  • nuclei of spem and ovum fuse following the completion of meiosis 11 generating the zygote
86
Q

Ovarian follicles located in the cortex of the ovary

A
  • primodual follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • graafian follicles
87
Q

Primordial follicles

A

present in ovary at birth. primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

88
Q

Primary follicles

A
  • stratified layer of cells.
  • single layer called granulosa proliferates under influence of FSH forming zone pellucida around oocyte
  • surrounding tissue forms from theca cells
  • contains primary oocyte
89
Q

Secondary follicle

A

located in ovaries during puberty, primary oocyte undergo meiosis 1 becoming secondary oocyte at puberty. granulose and theca cells being secreting estrogen

90
Q

Graafian follicles (mature secondary follicles) consist of

A
  • antrum

- corona radiata

91
Q

Antrum

A

small fluid filled sacs merge forming a fluid filled cavity in the follicle (moves closer to the ovary surface)

92
Q

Corona radiata

A

layer of the granulosa cells that immediately surround the oocyte (will be ovulated)

93
Q

Rising levels of estrogen produced by the follicle trigger an increase in leutinizing hormone (LH) which ..

A

trigger the completion of meiosis 1 generating a secondary oocyte (arrests at the beginning of metaphase 11)

94
Q

LH surge also triggers ..

A
  • ovulation.
  • graafian follicle bursts and releases the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
  • ovulated oocyte consists of the oocyte, the song pellucida and corona radiata
95
Q

Corpus luteum

A

graafian follicle that remains after ovulation (centre fills w blood and clots) functions to produce estrogen and progesterone

96
Q

Corpus luteum forms

A

proliferation of the granulosa and theca cells

97
Q

If no pregnancy corpus luteum degenerates into …

A

corpus albicans

98
Q

Corpus albicans

A

when corpus luteum isn’t fertilized and disintegrates and estrogen and progesterone secretion halts

99
Q

Mammary gland

A

1 per breast, modified sudoriferous glands that produces milk

100
Q

Small compartments of mammary gland called

A

lobules

101
Q

Lobules contains..

A

glands called alveoli that open via lactiferous duct at nipple

102
Q

Breast lie over top of the..

A

pectorals major and serrates anterior muscles

103
Q

Each breast is attached to the ..

A

epimysium of muscle below by suspensory ligaments called coopers ligaments

104
Q

Male ejaculatory duct

A

formed from inion of vas deferent and duct from the seminal vesicle

105
Q

How much semen is released upon ejaculation

A

2.5-5.0 mL (50-150 million sperm per mL)

106
Q

External genitalia of vagina

A
  • labia majora is same origin as scrotum in male
  • labia minora is same origin as penis in male
  • clitoris is same origin as erectile tissue of penis

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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