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Biol 1410 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system includes

A

gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

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4
Q

Digestive system processes

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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5
Q

Ingestion

A

food into oral cavity

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6
Q

Digestion

A

large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

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7
Q

2 types of digestion

A
  • mechanical

- chemical

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8
Q

Absorption

A

end products of digestion enter blood or lymph

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9
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of indigested materials

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10
Q

4 basic layers of gastrointestinal tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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11
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A
  • epithelium with numerous goblet cells
  • lamina propria (areolar CT)
  • muscularis mucosa
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12
Q

Mucosa epithelium with goblet cells is stratified squamous in what areas?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • anal canal
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13
Q

Lamina propr. of mucosa contains

A

blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodes/tissues

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14
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

smooth muscle which allows movement of mucosa

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15
Q

Submucosa tissue subtype

A

Areolar CT

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16
Q

Submucosa contains

A

blood, lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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17
Q

Muscularis externa tissue type

A

smooth muscle, the inner circle layer and outer longitudinal layer

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18
Q

What is between the layers of muscularis externa

A

myenteric nerve plexus

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19
Q

Contraction of ______ _____ causes

A

muscular external; motility (mixing and movement)

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20
Q

Cavity =

A

lumen

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21
Q

Oral cavity includes

A
  • lips
  • cheeks
  • palate
  • tongue
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22
Q

2 palates of the mouth

A

hard and soft

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23
Q

Hard palate made up of

A

2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones

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24
Q

Soft palate contains

A

skeletal muscle and (uvula)

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25
Q

Uvula’s purpose

A

rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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26
Q

Tongue

A

attached to hyoid bone, skeletal muscle, and papillae

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27
Q

Papillae

A

projections of mucosa ( taste buds)

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28
Q

How many salivary glands

A

3 pairs (6 total)

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29
Q

Pairs of salivary glands

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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30
Q

Parotid glands

A

inferior and anterior to ears

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31
Q

Mumps

A

inflammation of 1 or both parotids

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32
Q

Submandibular glands

A

floor of mouth, below the mandible

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33
Q

Sublingual glands

A

below tongue on floor of mouth

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34
Q

Components of saliva

A
  • 99.5% water

- 0.5% solutes (enzyme)

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35
Q

Dentition

A

(teeth) in maxillae and mandible

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36
Q

Child dentition

A

primary dentition (deciduous “baby” teeth)

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37
Q

Adult dentition

A

secondary dentition (permanent teeth)

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38
Q

Total number of child teeth

A

20

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39
Q

Total number of adult teeth

A

32

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40
Q

Tooth structure consists of

A
  • crown
  • root
  • neck
  • periodontal ligaments
  • root canal
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41
Q

Crown of tooth

A

above the gum, dentin is majority of tooth, enamel overlay

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42
Q

Root of tooth

A

dentin and cementum overlay

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43
Q

Dentin, enamel, cementum are..

A

similar to bone but avascular

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44
Q

Neck of tooth

A

enamel and cementum boundary

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45
Q

Periodontal ligaments

A

attach root to bones

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46
Q

Root canal extends to..

A

pulp cavity

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47
Q

Root canal of tooth

A

contains CT, blood/lymph vessels and nerves

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48
Q

Oropharynx/Laryngoharynx tissue subtype

A

Only muscular externa and stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

Esophagus

A

posterior to trachea, passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity

50
Q

Esophagus contains

A

all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on

51
Q

Exceptions in esophagus

A
  • muscularis externa

- has adventitia

52
Q

Muscularis externa of esophagus

A
  • upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
  • middle 1/3 = skeletal and smooth muscle
  • lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
53
Q

Adventitia of esophagus

A

fibrous connective tissue

54
Q

Stomachs 4 regions

A
  • cardiac region
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric region
55
Q

Fundus

A

above the esophageal entrance

56
Q

Pyloric region

A

(pylorus) has pyloric sphincter

57
Q

Stomach

A

converts food into chyme, has greater and lesser curvature

58
Q

Chyme

A

food and gastric juice

59
Q

Stomach mucosa

A

invagination of epithelium forms gastric glands (exocrine) secrete gastric juice to lumen

60
Q

Gastric glands contain

A
  • chief cells
  • pariental cells
  • G cells
  • Goblet cells
61
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastic lipase

62
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete HCl

63
Q

G cells

A

(enteroendocrine cells) secrete gastrin

64
Q

Rugae

A

folds of the muscosa and submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa

65
Q

Rugae allows..

A

expansion without tearing

66
Q

Function of muscularis external of stomach

A

churning

67
Q

3 layers of muscularis external of stomach

A
  • inne oblique
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal
68
Q

Small intestine goes from ___ ____ to ____ ____

A

pyloric sphincter; ileocaecal valve

69
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
70
Q

Duodenum

A

first fold (short), extra glands here secrete alkaline mucosa to protect against stomach acid

71
Q

Jejunum

A

middle section

72
Q

Ileum

A

has groups of lymph nodules (peyer’s patches)

73
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood

74
Q

Segments specialized to increase absorption surface area

A
  • plicae circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli
75
Q

Plicae circulares

A

submucosa thrown into folds

76
Q

Villi

A

projections of mucosa into lumen, contains blood capillaries and lacteals

77
Q

Lacteals

A

lymph capillaries that absorb blood

78
Q

Microvilli

A

brush border on enterocytes, extend into lumen

79
Q

Within epithelium separate enteroendocrine cells in stomach secrete hormones

A
  • secretin

- cholecystokinin

80
Q

Small intestine accessory organs

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gall bladder
81
Q

Pancreas parts

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
82
Q

Pancreas contain

A
  • exocrine glands

- endocrine glands

83
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A
  • acinar cells/acini

- duct cells

84
Q

Acinar cells/acini

A

secrete digestive enzymes into ducts

85
Q

Duct cells

A

secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid

86
Q

Pancreatic juice =

A

digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid

87
Q

Endocrine glands =

A

Islets of langerhans (amid acini)

88
Q

Endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones such as insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar

89
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A
  • right
  • left
  • quadrate
  • caudate
90
Q

Cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

91
Q

Functions of liver

A

filters material from GI tract before going to rest of body, produces bile for fat digestion

92
Q

Gall bladder

A

muscular sac on surface of liver

93
Q

Gall bladder has ____ not submucosa

A

rugae

94
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

stores and concentrates bile between meals

95
Q

Gall bladder, liver, and pancreas enter..

A

duodenum via series of ducts

96
Q

Large intestine goes from ___ ____ to ____

A

ileocaecal valce; anus

97
Q

Large intestine has no

A

villi or folds

98
Q

Large intestine consist of

A
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anus
99
Q

Parts of the colon

A
  • ascending
  • hepatic flexure
  • transverse
  • splenic flexure
  • descending
  • sigmoid
100
Q

In colon muscularis externa longitudinal layer is..

A

incomplete which = taenjae coli

101
Q

Contraction in colon forms pouches called

A

haustra

102
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

fat filled pouches with unknown function

103
Q

Rectum has

A

no taenjae coli

104
Q

Anal canal

A

last 3 cm of rectum

105
Q

Anus has 2 anal sphincters

A

internal (smooth) and external (skeletal w/ voluntary control)

106
Q

Immune function of intestines

A

lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small and large intestine and peyers patches

107
Q

Digestive function of intestines

A

lymph vessels most absorbed fats from small intestines enters lacteals

108
Q

Portal system

A

blood vessels between 2 capillary beds (no blood passes through though)

109
Q

Peritoneum is

A

serous membrane

110
Q

Visceral peritoneum against

A

organ wall

111
Q

Parietal peritoneum against

A

abdominal wall

112
Q

Peritoneal cavity filled with..

A

serous fluid

113
Q

Serosa between organs =

A

sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers that contains blood vessels and nerves

114
Q

Peritoneum forms

A

folds in some areas (omenta)

115
Q

Greater omentum

A

(fatty apron) covers tranverse colon and small intestine, has fat fro protection, insulation and NRG reserve

116
Q

Lesser omentum

A

lower to stomach

117
Q

Mesentery

A

Suspends small intestine from cavity wall, double layer of parietal peritoneum

118
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

behind the peritoneum, peritoneum lines only one side

119
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of peritoneum

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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