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Biol 1410 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Central nervous system functions

A

processes and integrates info

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

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5
Q

Cranial nerves go to and from the.. and spinal nerves go to and from the ..

A
  • brain

- spine

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6
Q

Nerves detect changes in the ..

A

surrounding environment (stimuli) then transported to information to the CNS to process

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7
Q

2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • sensory division

- motor division

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8
Q

Sensory/afferent division

A

consists of afferent neurons. receptors that detect stimuli and transmit the information to the CNS

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9
Q

Motor/efferent division

A

consists of efferent neurons. the CNS produces a response that is sent to effectors (muscles cells and glands)

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10
Q

Motor division of PNS consists of ..

A

somatic and autonomic divisions

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11
Q

Relationship between CNS and PNS

A

receptors–> PNS (afferent)–> CNS –> PNS (efferent)–> effector glands or muscles

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12
Q

2 nervous system cell types

A
  • neurons

- neuroliga (glial cells)

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13
Q

Impulses

A

electrical signals generated as a result of nervous system stimulation

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14
Q

Neurons functions to

A

integrate and store information. they conduct electrical impulses (15% of total brain cells)

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15
Q

Neurons are incapable of..

A

mitosis. so when dead are irreplaceable. (except for taste, olfaction neurons)

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16
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

typical organelles except centrioles. Rough endoplasmic reticulum called nissl bodies

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

short branching projections from body. receive incoming messages and relay to cell body

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18
Q

Axon

A

extends from the neuronal cell body. generates and transmits nerve impulses.

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

where the axon meets cell body

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20
Q

Axon ends at the ..

A

axon terminal. which contains synaptic end bulbs

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21
Q

Axon may be..

A
  • myelinated

- unmyelinated

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22
Q

Myelinated

A

wrapped in many layers of cell membrane (myelin) from Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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23
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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24
Q

Myelinated axon cells are

A

electrical insulation

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25
Q

Myelinated neurons are called …

A
  • CNS= tracts (white matter)

- PNS=nerves

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26
Q

Unmyelinated

A

no myelin around axon

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27
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells).

A

function to support the neurons, capable of mitosis (85% of all cells in brain)

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28
Q

Types of neuroglia cells

A
  • CNS neuroglia

- PNS neuroglia

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29
Q

4 types of CNS neuroglia cells

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal
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30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin around axon

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31
Q

Microglia

A

protective and become phagocytic if detect infected dead or damaged neurons

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32
Q

Astrocytes

A

surround blood capillaries to form part of blood brain barrier

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33
Q

Ependymal

A

line cavities in CNS, brain ventricles and spinal canal

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34
Q

Ependymal secrete..

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and circulate it

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35
Q

2 typess of PNS neuroglia cells

A
  • schwann cells

- satallite cells

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36
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin around axis of PNS

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37
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

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38
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

1 process that divides into 2 central and peripheral, always sensory

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39
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

2 processes, 1 axon 1 dendrite, sensory neurons (retina and nose)

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40
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

3 or more processes, 1 axon many dendrites. all interneurons and motor neurons

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41
Q

Structural/anatomical types of neurons are based on

A

number of cell processes off of cell body

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42
Q

Functional types of neurons are based on

A

direction of impulse conduction (toward CNS or away from CNS)

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43
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons are…

A

unipolar. impulses collected by sensory receptors move toward the CNS

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44
Q

Interneurons

A

transmit impulses within CNS, 99% of neurons. located between sensory and motor neurons. most are multipolar

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45
Q

Motor/efferent neurons move impulses from ….

A

CNS to effectors (all multipolar)

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46
Q

3 types of primary synapses

A
  • neuronal synapses
  • neuromuscular junction
  • neuroglandular junction
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47
Q

Neuronal synapses

A

junction occurs between two neurons, can be chemical or electrical

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48
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

junction between motor neuron to sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cell

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49
Q

Neuroglandular junction

A

junction between motor neuron to gland

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50
Q

Chemical neuronal synapses structure

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • axon terminal
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic neuron
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51
Q

Presynaptic neuron brings ..

A

in the signal

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52
Q

Pre synaptic neurons contains

A

axon terminal with synaptic end bulbs

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53
Q

Synaptic end bulbs contain ..

A

neurotransmitters –> chemical messages released upon a stimulus

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54
Q

Post synaptic neuron receives ..

A

the signal on the dendrites

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55
Q

Post synaptic membrane on dendrites contain

A

specific receptors for the neurotransmitter that was release from the pre synaptic membrane

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56
Q

Protective features of CNS

A
  • bone
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • blood brain barrier (BBB)
  • circle of willis
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57
Q

Bone in CNS

A

skull and vertebral column

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58
Q

Meninges

A

CT membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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59
Q

Layers of meninges

A
  • duramater (outer)
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater (inner)
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60
Q

Dura mater around the brain

A
  • consists of two layers mostly fused.

- in some areas it is separated and filled with nexus blood (separated areas are called dural sinus)

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61
Q

2 spaces of the Dura mater around the spinal cord

A
  • space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal is called the epidural space
  • subdural space is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
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62
Q

Subdural space is filled with

A

ISF

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63
Q

Epidural space is filled with

A

fat, blood vessels, CT (spinal cord only)

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64
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

beneath the subdural space, avascular, has subarachnoid space and arachnoid villi

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65
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF, web like strand of CT from arachnoid mater into subarachnoid space

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66
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

project into dural sinuses in order to deliver CSF into blood (brain only)

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67
Q

Pia mater

A

vascular layer directly on top of brain and spinal cord

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68
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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69
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid located in and around CNS. provides insulation to the brain and allows the brain to float within the cavity (reduces weight)

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70
Q

CSF in brain ___ and central canal of ___ ___

A

ventricles; spinal cord

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71
Q

4 ventricles in brain located …

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles in cerebrum
  • 1 in diencephalon
  • 1 in hindbrain
  • central canal of the spinal cord is also included
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72
Q

CSF similar composition to ..

A

blood plasma

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73
Q

CSF produced by..

A

choroid plexuses found in each ventricle

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74
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

Allows for only certain materials to pass through (mainly fat soluble ex: glucose) located throughout most parts of the brain

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75
Q

2 cell types of BBB

A
  • endothelial cells w/ tight junctions

- astrocytes

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76
Q

Astrocytes of BBB

A

foot processes wrap around endothelial cells

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77
Q

Circle of Willis

A

cerebral arteries located at base of forebrain, allows continuous flow of blood too brain but provides alternate route for blood if vessels blocked. blood pressure remains constant

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78
Q

Circle of willis two internal carotid arteries deliver blood to ..

A
  • midle cerebral artery (*not part of circle)
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • posterior communicating arteries
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79
Q

Circle of willis merge the two vertebral arteries with the ..

A

basilar artery which then merges with the posterior cerebral arteries (which carry blood from occipital lobe and temporal lobe)

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80
Q

Forebrain consists of

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

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81
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain. consists of two hemispheres separated from one another by longitudinal fissure

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82
Q

5 Cerebrum lobes and function (named after overlying bones)

A
  • frontal (motor)
  • temporal (memory)
  • parietal (sensory)
  • occipital (visual)
  • insula (visceral sensation)
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83
Q

Surface features of cerebrum

A
  • fissures
  • gyro
  • sulci
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84
Q

Fissures are..

A

deep grooves

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85
Q

2 fissures of forebrain

A
  • longitudinal

- transverse

86
Q

Longitudinal fissures

A

separates right and left cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

Transverse fissure

A

separates cerebellum and cerebrum

88
Q

What are gyri and two gyri of cerebrum

A

elevated folds over most of the brain (separated by sulcus)

  • precentral gyrus in frontal lobe
  • postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe
89
Q

What are sulci and two sulcus of cerebrum

A

shallow grooves

  • central sulcus separate frontal and partial lobe
  • lateral sulcus separate temporal from rest of cerebrum
90
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere consist of three main regions

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • white matter
  • basal nuclei
91
Q

Cerebral cortex is..

A

2-4 mm thick grey matter

92
Q

3 functional areas of cerebral cortex

A
  • motor areas
  • sensory areas
  • association areas
93
Q

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

A

in the frontal lobe, control skeletal muscle movement

94
Q

3 regions of motor areas of cerebral cortex

A
  • primary motor area (on precentral gyrus)
  • premotor area (anterior to precentral gyrus)
  • Broca’s area controls speech muscles (in only 1 hemisphere)
95
Q

4 sensory areas of cerebral cortex

A
  • general sensory area for pain temperature and touch (in postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe)
  • vision (occipital lobe)
  • auditory and olfaction (temporal lobe)
  • taste and visceral sensation (insular lobe)
96
Q

Associated ares of cerebral cortex

A
  • allows recall/recognition of information stored in memory (temporal lobe)
  • intellect (frontal lobe)
97
Q

3 tracts/white matter of cerebrum

A
  • association tracts
  • commissural
  • projection tracts
98
Q

Association tracts

A

transmit information from gyrus to gyrus in same hemisphere

99
Q

Commissural tracts

A

transmit information from gyrus to gyrus in opposite hemisphere (corpus callosum)

100
Q

Projection tracts run..

A

vertically (transmit information from brain to spinal cord and vice versa)

101
Q

Basal nuclei of cerebrum

A

paired masses of grey matter located in the white matter of cerebrum. control skeletal muscle movement

102
Q

Diencephalon

A

all grey matter, consists of thalamus and hypothalmus

103
Q

Thalamus

A

2 lobes connected by intermediate mass (bridge of gray matter) located superior to midbrain. relay station for sensory impulses coming to cortex

104
Q

Hypothalamus

A

inferior to thalamus, above pituitary gland. major regulator of the internal environment (blood pressure) and has endocrine and nervous function

105
Q

Midbrain

A

connects pons and diencephalon, contains cerebral aqueduct.

106
Q

Anterior portion of midbrain contains

A

projection tracts called cerebral penduncles

107
Q

Posterior portion of midbrain

A

4 nuclei called corpora quadrigemina

108
Q

4 nuclei of posterior portion of midbrain

A
  • 2 superior colliculi (visceral reflexes that allow movement of the head and eyes)
  • 2 inferior colliculi (auditory reflexes)
109
Q

Hindbrain consists of

A

pons, cerebellum and medulla

110
Q

Pons

A

anterior to cerebellum, connects medulla to the midbrain. tracts between brain and spinal cord. forms portion of the 4th ventricle

111
Q

Pons is home to the

A

pontine respiratory centres (pontine nuclei) assists in medulla in maintaining normal breathing rhythms

112
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

forms part of 4th ventricle. begins at the foramen magnum and blends brain into the spinal cord.

113
Q

Medulla has two pyramids which are large motor tracts (part of corticospinal tracts) which ..

A

decussate just prior to start of the spinal cord. cross to opposite side of the body (which is why the brains controls opposite sides of the body)

114
Q

Medullar oblongata contains nuclei for 4 cranial nerves:

A
  • IX: glosspharyngeal
  • X: vagus
  • XI: accessory
  • XII: hypoglossal
115
Q

Medulla contain nuclei for vital centres including

A
  • cardiac (contraction and heart rate)
  • vasomotor (blood vessel diameter)
  • respiratory (rate and depth of breathing)
116
Q

Several non vital centres in medulla for..

A

swallowing, sneezing, vomiting, coughing

117
Q

Brain stem comprised of ..

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

118
Q

Cerebellum

A

located in dorsal portion of brain (posterior to pons and medulla). contains folia which are folds. functions to regulate skeletal muscle, posture balance.

119
Q

Cortex of cerebellum is formed from ..

A

grey matter

120
Q

Arbor vitae of cerebellum =

A

deep within the cortex is white matter

121
Q

Limbic system function and location

A

functions to regulate emotions and emotional behaviours. network of nuclei located in cerebrum and diencephalon

122
Q

Reticular formation function and location

A

functions to keep you alert and attentive. inhibition of this area results in sleep. located in brain stem

123
Q

Sleeping pills and anesthetics affect what area

A

reticular formation`

124
Q

If reticular formation damaged results in

A

coma

125
Q

Cauda equina

A

nerves that exist below the conus

126
Q

Filum terminale is formed from ..

A

CT extension of pia mater (anchors conus to coccyx)

127
Q

Spinal cord functions to ..

A

take in sensory information and generate motor output (reflexes)

128
Q

Cross sectional structure of spinal cord consists of left and right halves..

A
  • anterior median fissure (ventral side)
  • posterior median sulcus (dorsal side)
  • central canal (middle of the cord)
129
Q

Central canal contains

A

CSF

130
Q

Grey matter contains ..

A

cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons and interneurons

131
Q

Grey matter is H shaped with

A
  • cross bar = grey commissures

- horns

132
Q

Horns in grey matter

A
  • dorsal horn = sensory info

- ventral and lateral horn = motor output

133
Q

White matter contains ..

A

myelinated axons of ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) tracts

134
Q

3 columns of white matter

A
  • dorsal
  • lateral
  • ventral
135
Q

Structures of PNS

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • cross section of a nerve
136
Q

__ pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

137
Q

12 cranial nerves are

A
  • olfactory |
  • optic ll
  • oculomotor lll
  • trochlear lV
  • trigeminal V
  • abducens Vl
  • facial Vll
  • vestibulocochlear Vlll
  • glossopharyngeal lX
  • vagus X
  • accessory Xl
  • hypoglossal Xll
138
Q

Mnemonic for cranial nerves

A

oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are had

139
Q

3 pairs of cranial nerves that are only sensory neurons

A

optic, olfactory, vestibulochlear

140
Q

9 pairs that are mixed nerves

A

carry both sensory and motor nerons

141
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pair of nerves, all mixed sensory and motor

142
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves

A
  • 8cervical
  • 12thoracic
  • 5lumbar
  • 5sacral
  • 1coccygeal
143
Q

Each spinal nerves has 2 points of attachment to spinal cord

A
  • dorsal root

- ventral root

144
Q

Dorsal root

A

receives sensory information; cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglion

145
Q

Ventral root

A

carries motor output; cell bodies in ventral or lateral horns

146
Q

Spinal nerves located at

A

joint of dorsal and ventral root

147
Q

Spinal nerve immediately divide into branches =

A

rami

148
Q

3 rami

A
  • dorsal ramus
  • ventral ramus
  • rami communicates
149
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

innervate skin and muscles of back

150
Q

Ventral ramus

A

innervate the thoracic nerves T1-T12 and the plexuses

151
Q

4 plexus

A
  • cervical C1-C4: phrenic nerve (diaphragm)
  • brachial C5-T1: axillary, radias, ulna, median nerves
  • lumbar L1-L5: femoral nerve
  • sacral L4-S4: sciatic nerve (tibial and fibular nerves)
152
Q

All but the first spinal nerve leave through the ..

A

intervertebral foramina of the vertebrae

153
Q

Rami communicates contain form a component of the ..

A

autonomic nervous system

154
Q

3 CT wrappings around nerves are..

A
  • entire nerve wrapped in epineurium
  • each nerve fascicle is wrapped in perineurium
  • each axon and myelin is wrapped in endoneurium
155
Q

PNS sesnory (afferent) divison

A

stimulus– receptor– CNS

156
Q

Receptors

A

detect changes in environment

157
Q

Receptors are classified by 3 things:

A
  • location
  • type of stimulus
  • structure
158
Q

2 locations of receptors

A
  • exteroceptors

- interoceptors

159
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect stimulus in external environment or very close to body surface. (in skin for pain, touch)

160
Q

Interoceptors

A

detect stimulus in internal environment (blood pressure)

161
Q

Proprioceptors are specifically located in

A

in joints and skeletal muscles

162
Q

4 types of stimulus received by receptors

A
  • mechanoreceptors (detect touch and pressure)
  • thermoreceptors (detect temp)
  • chemoreceptors (detect chemicals)
  • photoreceptors (detect light)
163
Q

Structure of receptor consists of

A
  • free nerve endings

- encapsulated nerve endings

164
Q

Free nerve endings

A

dendrites of sensory neurons (pain, root hair)

165
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

terminal dendrites enclosed in CT (meissners corpuscles

166
Q

First order neurons

A

unipolar neuron containing receptors. located in spinal nerve. part of PNS

167
Q

First order neurons cell bodies in

A

ganglia outside of the CNS

168
Q

First order neurons synapse into second order neurons in the ..

A

-dorsal horn of spinal cord or brain stem

169
Q

2 subdivisions of motor division

A
  • somatic

- automanic

170
Q

Somatic subdivision of PNS effector cells are all ..

A

skeletal muscle

171
Q

Somatic motor pathways consists of 2 neurons

A

upper and lower motor neurons

172
Q

Single multipolar neurons

A
  • cell bodies in ventral horn of SC to effector

- cell bodies in motor nuclei of brainstem to effector

173
Q

Autonomic effector cells are ..

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

174
Q

2 successive multipolar neurons from CNS to effector

A
  • preganglionic neuron

- postganglionic neuron

175
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

myelinated, cell body in brain stem of the spinal cord

176
Q

2 subdivisions of autonomic

A
  • sympathetic SNS

- parasympathetic PSNS

177
Q

3 successive neurons from receptor to cortex

A
  • first order neuron
  • second order neuron
  • third order neuron
178
Q

Second order neuron

A

multipolar interneurons that carry impulses to the thalamus (CNS). located in tracts and decussates in spinal cord or medulla

179
Q

Third order neuron

A

multipolar interneurons that carry impulses to the sensory cortex of the CNS .located in tracts. cell body is in thalamus.

180
Q

Cell body of 2nd order neuron is located in

A

dorsal horn of spinal cord or medulla.

181
Q

Spinothalamic tracts of the spinothalamic pathway decussates in .. and picks up..

A

decussates in spinal cord. picks up pain, temp and sends info to the thalamus

182
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway/Tracts consists of

A

ascending tracts from spinal cord to cerebellum, receptor is located on the 1st order neuron. (proprioceptors that detect changes in balance)

183
Q

2nd order neuron directly to cerebellum in spinocerebellar pathway has no..

A
  • conscious perception

- 3rd order neuron

184
Q

Motor pathway send output ..

A

away from CNS. efferent pathways and multipolar neurons. CNS–> effector cells

185
Q

2 neuron pathway of the somatic motor pathway

A
  • upper motor neuron

- lower motor neuron

186
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

multipolar interneurons, cell bodies in cortex or basal nuclei

187
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

cell bodies in CNS and axons in PNS

188
Q

Axons of upper motor neurons form descending spinal tracts

A
  • corticospinal tracts

- indirect tracts

189
Q

Cerebellum has folds called..

A

folia

190
Q

Nervous tissue are composed of gray and white matter

A
  • gray matter

- white matter

191
Q

Gray matter

A

formed from an aggregation of neuonal cell bodies and dendrites

192
Q

Nuclei are clusters of..

A

neuronal cell bodies in CNS

193
Q

Ganglia are cutters of ..

A

neuronal cell bodies in PNS

194
Q

White matter

A

composed of axons that are myelinated

195
Q

Tracts are bundles of ..

A

myelinated axons in the CNS

196
Q

Nerves are bundles of ..

A

myelinated axons in the PNS

197
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • results from an accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of brain
  • occurs because cerebral aqueduct becomes blocked
198
Q

Midbrain contains nuclei for 2 cranial nerves ..

A
  • lll: oculomotor

- lV: trochlear

199
Q

Pons consist of motor nuclei for cranial nerves..

A
  • V: trigeminal
  • Vl: abducens
  • Vll: facial
200
Q

Spinal cord begins and terminates..

A
  • begins below the foramen magnum

- terminates in the lumbar region of spinal column (termination region is conus medullaris and cone shaped)

201
Q

Nerves continue down from the conus medullaris existing via the ..

A

vertebral foramina

202
Q

Spinal cord contains cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments that correspond to..

A

vertebral sections

203
Q

Cell bodies of motor neurons in mixed nerves are located in..

A

nuclei of brainstem

204
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons in mixed nerves are located in ..

A

ganglia outside of the CNS

205
Q

Spinal plexuses are formed from the ..

A

ventral rami of the spinal nerves (except T2-T12)

206
Q

Plexus is a

A

nerve network

207
Q

General senses contain 3 different neurons from the receptor to the..

A

cortex of the brain

208
Q

Ascending tracts located in the spinal cord

A
  • non specific ascending pathways

- specific ascending pathways

209
Q

Non specific ascending pathways are when …

A

you aware of a sensation but unable to detect its origin (pain)

210
Q

Specific ascending pathways

A

sensations that you accurately able to detect origin of (touch). ex: dorsal columns in dorsal column pathway

211
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

unmyelinated. cell body is located in ganglia

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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