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Biol 1410 > Blood, Lymph, Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph, Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

3 primary types of extracellular fluids

A
  • blood plasma
  • interstitial fluid
  • lymph
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2
Q

Blood plasm

A

fluid that surrounds blood cells

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

(ISF) surrounds all cells except blood cells

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4
Q

Lymph

A

ISF that forms from blood plasma

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5
Q

Circulation of lymph is facilitated by..

A
  • skeletal muscle movement
  • valves in vessels to prevent backflow
  • pressure changes
  • smooth muscle contractions in walls of lymphatic vessels
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6
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • located in carries spots along the length of the collecting vessels
  • filters the lymph that passes by, removing any micro-organisms, viruses or debris
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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries ..

A
  • blind ended
  • drain into collecting tubules (thin walled and contain valves=no back flow)
  • flows unidirectionally (away from tissues)
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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels lead into either the..

A
  • right lymphatic duct

- thoracic duct

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9
Q

Right lymphatic duct entry point for lymph is..

A

anywhere other than the lower half of the body

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10
Q

Thoracic duct entry point for lymph is..

A

lower half of the body

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11
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

dumps lymph into right subclavian vein reentering circulation

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12
Q

Thoracic duct

A

dumps lymph into the left subclavian vein (begins as the cistern chyli in abdomen)

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13
Q

2 classes of lymphatic organs

A
  • primary

- secondary

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14
Q

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues includes

A
  • red bone marrow

- thymus gland

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15
Q

Red bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes mature and proliferate (mitosis). in developing fetus this is the location of T and B lymphocyte origin

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16
Q

Thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes mature and proliferate (mitosis)

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17
Q

3 secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
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18
Q

Lymph nodes locations

A

cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), inguinal (groin), intestinal, pelvic (abdomen)

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19
Q

Spleen function

A

filters blood and destroys old red blood cells, bacteria and toxins (T and B lymphocytes proliferate here)

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20
Q

5 types of tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal (1)
  • palatine (2)
  • lingual (2)
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21
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

2 located at base of tongue

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22
Q

Lymph system functions in ..

A

the bodily defence against infection

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23
Q

Lymph system os composed of ..

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic organs and tissues
  • lymphatic vessels and capillaries
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24
Q

90% of all ISF …

A

reenters the blood

25
Q

10% of all ISF (extracellular fluid)…

A

enters into the lymphatic capillaries

26
Q

Lymph nodes filter..

A

lymph and activate the immune system when an infectious agent is located (T and B lymphocytes proliferate mitotically here)

27
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

2 located in oropharynx (commonly removed)

28
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

1 located in nasopharynx (adenoids when enlarged)

29
Q

Blood is composed of ..

A

cells (formed elements) and plasma (bathes the cells)

30
Q

Blood characteristics

A
  • higher viscosity than water
  • 4-6 l of blood per adult
  • pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
  • temp is steady at 38C (higher than body temp due to movement)
31
Q

Blood plasma components

A
  • 90% is water
  • 8% is protein (albumin for tissue osmolarity and pH, fibrinogen for clot formation, and globulins)
  • 2% other solutes (O2 CO2, ions, nutrients, hormones)
32
Q

Blood formed elements

A

-consists of erythrocytes (RBC), WBC and platelets

33
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A
  • loose their nucleus once they reach maturity (anuclear)
  • lives for 120 days then broken down by spleen
  • 4.3-5.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood
34
Q

RBC produced in the ..

A

red bone marrow of adults (ribs and sternum)

35
Q

RBC contain large quantities of ..

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

36
Q

Hemeglobin is composed of ..

A
  • heme

- 4 protein chains (global chains)

37
Q

Heme component of blood is..

A

pigmented and responsible for the characteristics of red color

38
Q

Iron in heme

A

binds to and transports O2 gas through body

39
Q

When RBC are broken down the iron is .. and the heme is..

A
  • recycled for reuse

- the remainder of heme is converted to bilirubin which is used as a component of bile

40
Q

Bile is..

A

synthesized and released from the liver and stored in the gall bladder (released from the gall bladder when needed for digestion)

41
Q

Iron is always attached to a ..

A

carrier protein (transferrin in blood) because free iron is toxic

42
Q

Globulin portion of RBC

A

transports CO2 throughout the blood (only 20% of total CO2 transport occur this way)

43
Q

The hematocrit is the ..

A

percentage of blood volume that is RBC (usually 40%)

44
Q

WBC characteristics

A
  • leukocytes
  • alive at maturity
  • much larger than RBC
  • function to fight off infection
  • live for many years
  • 5000-10,000 WBC per mm3 pf blood (increases during infection)
45
Q

2 classes of WBC

A
  • agranulocytes

- granulocytes

46
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
47
Q

Neutrophils

A

function as phagocytes (60%) of all WBC

48
Q

Eosinophils

A

function to destroy parasites and control inflammation by turning off inflammatory mediators. they phagocytize antigen antibody complexes (2.4% of WBC)

49
Q

Basophils

A

produce histamines (allergy inflammation) and heparin (decreases blood clotting). (0-1% of all WBC)

50
Q

Agranulocytes composed of ..

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

51
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 20-25% of WBC
  • responsible for adaptive immunity (specific immune response)
  • numbers increase during infection
52
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A
  • T lymphocytes

- B lymphocytes

53
Q

T lymphocytes

A

responsible for the activation of the immune response and the killing of infected host cells

54
Q

B lymphocytes

A

develop into plasma cells that produce and secrete immunoglobulins (antibodies)

55
Q

Monocytes

A
  • called macrophages when mature
  • macrophages are present in tissue (not found in the blood)
  • professional phagocytes
  • 4-8% of WBC
56
Q

Platelets

A
  • important in blood clots
  • produced from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
  • short life span (5-10 days)
  • 250,000-500,000 per mm3 of blood
57
Q

Hematopoiesis referred to the ..

A

generation of all formed elements present in the blood (RBC, WBC, platelets)

58
Q

Hemocytoblasts are ..

A

hematopoietic stem cells located in red bone marrow (hemocytoblasts –> reticulocytes –> red blood cells)

59
Q

Red bone marrow in adults is located in ..

A

axial skeleton, proximal ends of humerus and femur, and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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