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Biol 1410 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

secrete chemicals (hormones) into blood

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2
Q

Endocrine system is composed of ..

A

ductless glands and endocrine tissues

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3
Q

3 types of hormones

A
  • steroids
  • hormones derived from amino acids
  • peptide and protein hormones
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4
Q

Steroids

A

derived from cholesterol which is a lipid (testosterone, vitamin D and estrogen)

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5
Q

2 hormones derived from amino acids

A
  • tyrosine

- tryptophan

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6
Q

Tyrosine

A

amino acid used to make thyroid hormone (thyroxine)

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7
Q

Tryptophan

A

amino acid used to make serotonin and melatonin

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8
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A

formed from chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. hydrophilic and water soluble (oxytocin and growth hormone)

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9
Q

Endocrine glands are glands with..

A

no other function than to secrete hormones

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10
Q

4 endocrine glans

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
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11
Q

Pituitary gland

A

suspended from hypothalamus, is in sella turcica of sphenoid bone, highly vascular (allows release of hormones directly into blood)

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12
Q

2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  • anterior pituitary

- posterior pituitary

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes hormones that ..

A

affect growth, metabolism and reproduction

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone secretion regulated by..

A

hormones released by the hypothalamus

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15
Q

6 Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Leutinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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16
Q

Growth hormone

A

promotes growth or metabolism

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17
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stimulates secretion of thyroid

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates secretion adrenal steroids

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19
Q

3 reproductive hormones

A
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • prolactin (PRL)
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20
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk formation

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

An extension of the hypothalamus that is formed from nervous tissue

22
Q

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus, stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary are..

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

23
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

(vasopressin) stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney

25
Q

Thyroid gland

A

on the superior surface of the trachea (below the trachea) butterfly shaped

26
Q

Thryoid gland is composed of two different cell types each with their own hormones ..

A
  • follicles: epithelial cells

- parafollicles: surrounds the follicle

27
Q

Follicles of thyroid gland

A

produce thyroxine (t4) hormone. controls metabolism, growth and development. produced in lumen of the gland and is secreted from the cell.

28
Q

Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin which…

A

stimulates calcium uptake by bone, decreasing plasma calcium (builds bone matrix)

29
Q

Parathyroid glands are located ..

A

4 glands located in posterior surface of the thyroid gland

30
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases ..

A

calcium levels by breaking down bone matrix (osteoclasts)

32
Q

Adrenal glands located on

A

superior surface of each kidney

33
Q

The two adrenal glands

A
  • adrenal cortex

- adrenal medulla

34
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes..

A

steroids only

35
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
36
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

secretes mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) for salt balance

37
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

secretes glucocorticoids (predominately cortisol which regulates the stress response)

38
Q

Zona reticularis

A

secretes androgens (small amounts of testosterone which functions in female sex drive)

39
Q

2 main hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

-epinephrine (80%)
-norepinephrine (20%)
(combat short term stress)

40
Q

Endocrine tissues

A

found in organs that have additional functions

41
Q

3 main endocrine tissues

A
  • pancreas (islets of the langerhans)
  • hypothalamus
  • gonads
42
Q

Pancreas- islets of the langerhans 2 cell types

A
  • alpha cells

- beta cells

43
Q

Alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon: used to increase blood glucose during a hypoglycaemic state

44
Q

Beta cells

A

secrete insulin (decrease blood glucose)

45
Q

Testes

A

leydig cells secrete testosterone

46
Q

Ovaries

A

primary and secondary follicles secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone

47
Q

Corpus luteum =

A

estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

Hormones circulate thought the blood acting on ..

A

target cells (any cell that has a receptor for specific hormone

49
Q

Regulating hormones are released from the ..

A

hypothalamus and regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone can increase blood calcium levels by ..

A
  • decreasing calcium excretion from kidney

- increasing vitamin D activation in kidney (which increases calcium reabsorption in intestine)

51
Q

Hypothalamus has 3 endocrine functions

A
  • produce regulatory hormones that either stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
  • synthesizes hormones that are release from posterior pituitary
  • nervous functions (control body temp, thirst, urine output, hunger, etc)
52
Q

Other endocrine tissues

A
  • digestive tract (secretin)
  • heart (atrial natriuretic peptide)
  • kidney (renin)
  • placenta (reproductive hormone)

Biol 1410 (17 decks)

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