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ANAT 231 > Skeletal System (Lecture) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Frosted glass appearance. Avascular. Strong but flexible. ex: costal cartilage, trachea, & joints

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2
Q

Elastic cartilage characteristic

A

Not as strong, but very elastic. ex: ears, epiglottis

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3
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Strongest cartilage able to withstand strong compression and tension forces but is not flexible. No perichondrium. Ex: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee menisci

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4
Q

Bone Cells

A

Osteoblasts - Lay down bone matrix
Osteocytes - mature bone cells (located in lacunae)
Osteoclasts - Demineralize bone matrix

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5
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Layed down by chondrocytes

  1. Tricalcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), calcium carbonate, and other minerals
  2. Reinforcing collagen fibers
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6
Q

Cartilage Appositional Growth

A

Growth from the outside. Chondroblasts inside perichondrium.

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7
Q

Cartilage Interstitial Growth

A

Growth from within. Chondrocytes divide within the cartilage.

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8
Q

Compact Bone

A

a. Osteon - a unit of compact bone
b. central canal - artery, vein, nerve, lymphatic vessel
c. perforating canal-connect blood vessels and nerves between osteons
d. canaliculi-get O2 and nutrients to osteocytes
e. concentric lamellae-ECM of the bone (Tricalcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate)
f. interstitial lamella(e)-incomplete lamellae that fill space between osteons
g. Osteocytes- lay down ECM
h. Lacuna(e)-protect osteocyte

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9
Q

Spongy bone

A

a. Trabecula(e)-Honeycomb-like structure in spongy bone containing yellow or red bone marrow
b. Osteocyte-lay down ECM
c. Lacuna(e)-Protect osteocyte
d. canaliculi- get O2 and nutrients to osteocytes
e. Endosteum-covers internal bone surface
I. Osteoblast
II. Osteoclast

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

I. Compact Bone
II. Medullary cavity-center of diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow
III. Yellow bone marrow-site of fat storage

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

I. Spongy Bone

II. Red Marrow-Blood cell formation

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12
Q

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

A

Disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

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13
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface of the epiphysis

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14
Q

Nutrient Foramina

A

Hole in the wall of diaphysis that allow arteries and veins to pass-through

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense irregular fibrous tissue that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except on the ends of epiphysis where articulation occurs

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16
Q

Bone growth

A
  1. Bone Collar forms around the diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model
  2. Cartilage calcifies and develops cavities
  3. Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
  4. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity is formed.
  5. epiphyses ossify. Hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
17
Q

Bone Remodeling

A
  1. Resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts

2. deposition of new bone by osteoblasts

18
Q

Fracture Stages

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. bone remodeling occurs
19
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone fragments in three or more pieces

20
Q

Compression Fracture

A

The bone is crushed. Common in porous bones

21
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Incomplete fracture where one side of the shaft breaks and the other bends. Common in children since bones are more flexible

22
Q

Open (Compound) Fracture

A

Bones protrude through the skin during fracture

23
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

occur when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone. Common in sports

24
Q

Stress Fractures

A

tiny cracks typically in weight-bearing bones that occur from repeated impact

25
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bony skeleton architecture

26
Q

Purpose of skeletal system

A
  1. Physical support
  2. Protects vital organs
  3. Allows for movement by connecting to skeleton
  4. Mineral storage (Ca)
27
Q
A

Plagiocephaly-skull flattened on one area

28
Q
A

Brachycephaly-short wide head

29
Q
A

Scaphocephaly-long narrow head

30
Q

Purpose of cranial orthosis

A

Fix cranial deformities

ANAT 231 (41 decks)

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